<p>Algiers Point is a location on the Lower Mississippi River in New Orleans, Louisiana. In river pilotage, Algiers Point is one of the many points of land around which the river flows—albeit a significant one. Since the 1970s, the name Algiers Point has also referred to the neighborhood in the immediate vicinity of that point. People from Algiers Point  are known as Algierines, or Algerines.</p><br>
<h2>Navigational point</h2><br>
<p>The course of the Mississippi River past and through New Orleans is in the shape of a crescent. As the river reaches the downriver end of that crescent, flowing by then in a northerly direction, it makes a sharp "right-hand" turn to the east. The French Quarter, Faubourg Marigny and Bywater lie on the outside of the bend on the rivers left descending bank. The point of land on the rivers right descending bank is, and has historically been, called Algiers Point.</p><br>
<p>Just off this point is where the Mississippi River is at its deepest, approximately 60 meters (200 ft) deep. This depth varies from year to year as the river alternately scours and deposits silt. A USA Coast Guard aid to navigation, Algiers Point Light "95," marks the point. Its geographic coordinates are 29&deg;57&prime;19&Prime;N latitude, 90&deg;03&prime;19&Prime;W longitude</p><br>
<p>The USA Army Corps of Engineers&#39; linear description of the location is mile 94.6 AHP (above Head of Passes) on the Lower Mississippi River.</p><br>
<p>In the 20th century, the Coast Guard began regulating marine traffic approaching and rounding Algiers Point. Licensed pilots were enlisted to man a tower atop the Gov. Nicholls Street Wharf across the river from the point, and to communicate with mariners via marine VHF radio and via a red and green traffic light, in order to restrict two-way traffic when high water makes such traffic hazardous.</p><br>
<h2>Neighborhood</h2><br>
<p>The neighborhood near the point described above came to be called Algiers Point beginning in the 1970s. At that time a community movement began to emphasize the historic and aesthetic aspects of the neighborhood&#39;s houses and other assets, as contrasted to other sections of Algiers, especially newer, post-World War II residential areas.</p><br>
<p>The size and boundaries of the neighborhood depend on colloquial or legal context, but a conservative description is the approximately 50 city blocks bounded by Opelousas Avenue, Atlantic Avenue and the river. The Algiers Point National Historic District is bounded on the south by Slidell Avenue instead of Opelousas Avenue. The southern boundary of the city-regulated Algiers Point Historic District, as defined by the New Orleans Historic District Landmarks Commission, is Newton Street.</p><br>
<p>Some of the houses and other structures in Algiers Point predate the American Civil War, but most were built in the period immediately after a catastrophic 1895 fire which destroyed hundreds of structures in the area.</p><br>
<p>Numerous small businesses such as bars, restaurants, coffee shops, and professional services are located here, creating a mixed use neighborhood.</p><br>
<h2>Demographics</h2><br>
<p>As of the census of 2000, there were 2,381 people, 1,145 households, and 555 families residing in the neighborhood.</p><br>
<p>As of the census of 2010, there were 2,455 people, 1,229 households, and 574 families residing in the neighborhood.</p><br>
<h2>Education</h2><br>
<p>Orleans Parish School Board (OPSB) or New Orleans Public Schools (NOPS) operates public schools. The Adolph Meyer School is an elementary school in the neighborhood which is listed on the National Register of Historic Places, and also known as the Harriet R. Tubman Elementary School.</p><br>
<h3>Public library</h3><br>
<p>New Orleans Public Library (NOPL) operates the Cita Dennis Hubbell Branch in Algiers Point. It occupies the oldest public library building in the city. It opened as the Algiers Branch, a Carnegie library, in 1907 and was the only library in the Algiers area for many years. It was one of five New Orleans Carnegie libraries, and as of 2013, one of two that are still open as libraries.</p><br>
<p>It was originally closed after the opening of the Algiers Regional Library, but Cita Dennis Hubbell and a group led by her campaigned to have it reopened, citing the long distance from Algiers Point to the new library. In 2005 Hurricane Katrina hit Algiers Point. Hubbell&#39;s daughter campaigned for the library to be reopened. The library closed in 2006, but then had termite damage and structural damage ameliorated with renovations. The branch held a grand re-opening in 2013.</p><br>
<p>The College of Montana was a private liberal arts college that existed in Deer Lodge, Montana in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. Founded in 1878 as the "Montana Collegiate Institute", the school was the first institution of higher learning in Montana. The College of Montana name was adopted in 1883. For much of its existence, the college was affiliated with the Presbyterian Church.</p><br>
<p>Strapped for funding and suffering from a limited enrollment, the school had an erratic existence and finally closed for good in 1916. Seven years later, the organization of the College of Montana merged with that of Montana Wesleyan College to form Intermountain Union College, located in Helena, Montana. Intermountain Union, in turn, later merged with the Billings Polytechnic Institute to form Rocky Mountain College.</p><br>
<p>Buildings from the former College of Montana campus still survive in Deer Lodge, including Trask Hall, which is listed on the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<h2>Notable people</h2><br>
<p>Probably the best-known person once associated with the College of Montana was the literary critic Irving Babbitt, who taught at the school for a time. Theodore M. Brantley, later Chief Justice of the Montana Supreme Court, taught at the college for several years. Augustus M. Ryon founded the colleges School of Mines in 1888, and was named the first president of Montana State University in 1893. James R. Reid, who served as the colleges president from 1891 to 1893, became the second president of Montana State University.</p><br>
<p>The Abou Ben Adhem Shrine Mosque  is a building of arabesque design located in downtown Springfield, Missouri, United States. It was built in 1923 for a cost of $600,000. It is owned by the Abou Ben Adhem Shriners and for many years was the site of the annual Shrine Circus. The five-story building includes a large auditorium with seating for over 4,000. The name derives from Ibrahim ibn Adham, taken from the poem "Abou Ben Adhem" by Leigh Hunt.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1982.</p><br>
<p>The Lawn, a part of Thomas Jeffersons Academical Village, is a large, terraced grassy court at the historic center of Jeffersons academic community at the University of Virginia. The Lawn and its surrounding buildings, designed by Jefferson, demonstrate Jeffersons mastery of Palladian and Neoclassical architecture, and the site has been recognized as an architectural masterpiece in itself. The Lawn has been designated a USA National Historic Landmark District, and is part of a UNESCO World Heritage Site along with the original buildings of the University of Virginia and Monticello, Jeffersons nearby residence; this designation is due to the site&#39;s architectural and cultural significance.</p><br>
<p>Jefferson originally designed the Lawn to be the center of the university, and as such it is surrounded by housing for students and faculty. Its most famous building is The Rotunda, which sits at the north end of the site, opposite Old Cabell Hall. Framing the other two sides of the Lawn are ten Pavilions, where faculty reside in the upper two floors and teach on the first, as well as 54 Lawn rooms, where carefully selected undergraduates reside in their final year. Being selected as a Lawn Resident in a students fourth year is considered one of the universitys most prestigious honors. Opposite the Pavilions and Lawn rooms are ten gardens, and similar to the Pavilions, each garden is designed in a distinct way; no two gardens are the same. The outermost row of buildings on either side constitute the edge of the Academical Village; these are known as The Range and house graduate students.</p><br>
<p>The Lawn has served as the University of Virginias symbolic center since the university was founded in 1819. It annually serves as the site of the universitys graduation ceremonies, as well as various events throughout the year.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The Lawn is used to refer either to the original grounds designed by Thomas Jefferson for the University of Virginia, or specifically to the grassy field around which the original university buildings are arrayed. The Lawn consists of four rows of colonnades on which alternate student rooms and larger buildings. The inner rank of colonnades, facing the central Lawn proper, contains ten Pavilions (which provided both classrooms and housing for the universitys original professors) and 54 student rooms, while the outer rank, facing outward, contain six Hotels (typically service buildings and dining establishments) and another 54 student rooms. At the head of the colonnades, facing south down the Lawn is the Rotunda, a one-half scale copy of the Pantheon in brick with white columns, that originally held the universitys library.</p><br>
<p>There are a total of 206 columns surrounding the Lawn: 16 on The Rotunda, 38 on the Pavilions, and 152 on the walkways. The columns are of varying orders according to the formality and usage of the space, with Corinthian columns on the exterior of the Rotunda giving way to Doric, Ionic, and Composite orders inside; Doric, Ionic, or Corinthian on each of the pavilions; and a relatively humble Tuscan colonnade along the Lawn walkways.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<h3>Jefferson&#39;s design</h3><br>
<p>Jeffersons design for the Lawn sought to find an alternative to traditional single-building college architecture, such as that he experienced as a student at the College of William and Mary, due to its being "noisy, unhealthy, vulnerable to fires, and affording little privacy." The overall model for the Lawn (the U-shaped plan with a central dome) is similar to, and may have been influenced by, Joseph Jacques Ramées design for Union College and Benjamin Latrobe&#39;s design for a military academy, as well as by the designs of Palladio and by his own house, Monticello. Along the legs of the U, the colonnades provide sheltered, but outdoor, communication between the pavilions and the student rooms, and while everything in the Lawn communicates with the Lawn or the outside world, there is privacy afforded by the walled gardens.</p><br>
<p>Jefferson separated the buildings of the lawn into ten units, or Pavilions, to reflect his classification of the branches of learning, and designed the relationship between them and the rest of the Lawn. Each of the ten Pavilions has a unique design, intended to give individual dignity to each branch of study, and the whole was intended to serve as a sort of outdoor classroom for architectural study, as he wrote to William Thornton, architect of the United States Capitol:</p><br>
<p>Thornton obliged with designs for two pavilions, one of which was adapted for the design of Pavilion VII, the first to be built. Jefferson also solicited designs from Benjamin Latrobe, who had worked with Jefferson on the chambers for the United States House of Representatives. Latrobe responded with a sketch showing the plan of the university, with a domed structure resembling Palladios Villa Capra "La Rotonda", and sent a second large drawing in October 1817 showing at least five Pavilion elevations, and maybe ten (while he had promised Jefferson "seven or eight" Pavilions, the actual drawing has been lost). It is believed that Latrobes drawings were used for the designs of Pavilions III, V, IX and X. Further, it is speculated that many of the eastern Pavilions were based on Latrobe&#39;s designs, as Jefferson prepared the drawings for all five buildings in a mere three weeks. Throughout the process, Jefferson adapted the designs to fit the site, adjusting the width, specifying the entablature, and providing the detailed design of the interior of the Rotunda.</p><br>
<p>The area between the Pavilions and the Ranges was designated as garden space in Thomas Jefferson&#39;s original plans. The current design of the gardens is a result of an initiative begun by University president Colgate Darden to return them to something approximating the original Jeffersonian design.</p><br>
<p>The overall effect of the different portions of the Lawn, the Rotunda, Pavilions, student rooms, and the physical site, is, in the words of Garry Wills, "paradoxical... regimentation and individual expression... hierarchical order and relaxed improvising.... But it is the reconciliation of these apparent irreconcilables that is the genius of the system."</p><br>
<h3>Early inhabitants of the Lawn: Students, professors, and slaves</h3><br>
<p>The original 108 student rooms (54 on the Lawn, and 27 on each of the adjacent Ranges) were doubles, permitting the housing of up to 216 students. In practice, with enrollment at the university considerably lower during the first sessions, the dormitory rooms adjacent to the Pavilions were used in some cases by the professors until 1854. As the university&#39;s enrollment grew, from 128 students in 1842–1843 to 604 in 1861, students began to seek lodging in University-approved boarding houses in addition to the Lawn. Additional changes to the makeup of the residents included the use of Lawn rooms as barracks for officer candidates during World War II, a shift from double to single occupancy in 1959, and the arrival of the first women undergraduates on the Lawn in 1972.</p><br>
<p>The Pavilions were designed as both housing for professors and as classroom space. The original plan for the university described the Pavilions as "a distinct pavilion or building for each separate professorship; these to be arranged around a square; each pavilion to contain a school-room and two apartments for the accommodation of the professor&#39;s family, and other reasonable conveniences." However, due to a combination of practical concerns over the ability of the first-floor lecture rooms to accommodate enough students for large lectures, and objections from the families of the professors that the space was required for entertaining, students rarely had access to the rooms.</p><br>
<p>In addition to the professors and their families, in the pre-Civil War days the Pavilions also housed the slaves of the professors. While University students were prohibited by the University&#39;s Enactments from bringing their personal slaves with them, professors could and did own slaves, who were quartered in Pavilion or Hotel cellars or in outbuildings. In one case, Lewis Commodore, a slave owned by the university, was granted accommodations within the Rotunda itself, only to be turned out by the Board of Visitors two years later.</p><br>
<h3>The Rotunda annex and fire of 1895</h3><br>
<p>As the size of the student body increased, the Rotunda was extended with a structure called the Annex, also known as "New Hall," on its north side in 1853. The Annex, which extended 100 ft from the original north façade of the Rotunda, added about 10,000 ft&sup2; of classroom and meeting space, including a Public Hall that seated 1200 people.</p><br>
<p>In 1895, the Rotunda was entirely gutted by a fire that started in faulty electrical wiring in the Public Hall of the Annex. University students saved what was, for them, the most important item within the Rotunda—a life-size likeness of Mr. Jefferson carved from marble that was given to the University by Alexander Galt in 1861; the students also rescued a portion of the books of the university library from the Dome Room, as well as various scientific instruments from the classrooms in the Annex. Shortly after the fire, the faculty drew up a recommendation to the Board of Visitors, recommending a program of rebuilding that called for the reconstruction of the Rotunda and the replacement of the lost classroom space of the Annex with a set of buildings at the south end of the Lawn.</p><br>
<h3>After the Rotunda fire: Stanford White buildings</h3><br>
<p>Following the burning of the Rotunda in 1895, the firm of McKim, Mead, and White and its architect Stanford White was hired to rebuild the Rotunda and to create new academic buildings to compensate for the loss of the Rotunda annex. White created three academic buildings, Rouss Hall, and Cabell Hall (now Old Cabell Hall) at the base of the Lawn, enclosing the southern view which had previously been open to the Blue Ridge Mountains. The creation of this building group enclosed the Lawn and set its dimensions permanently; subsequent development of the university has happened outside of the boundaries of the Academical Village.</p><br>
<p>After the new academic buildings were erected, a statue of Homer by sculptor and Virginia native Moses Jacob Ezekiel was given to the university in 1907 and placed in the quadrangle in front of Old Cabell Hall. Ezekiel also created the bronze statue of Jefferson on a bell-shaped pedestal that stands in front of the north stairs of the Rotunda. During the same period, statues of Jefferson and George Washington were added to the south of Pavilions IX and X, facing each other across the Lawn to the north of the Rouss/Cabell/Cocke quadrangle. The Jefferson statue, a replica of the Karl Bitter sculpture made for the Louisiana Purchase Exhibition, was added in 1915, and the replica of Houdon&#39;s statue of George Washington was added later.</p><br>
<h2>Uses</h2><br>
<p>Graduation exercises at the University of Virginia are held on the Lawn every May, and it is considered one of the institution&#39;s major traditions.</p><br>
<p>Being chosen for residence on the Lawn is one of the university&#39;s highest honors and is very prestigious. All undergraduate students who will graduate at the end of their year of residency are eligible to apply to live in one of the 47, out of 54 rooms open to the general student body. Applications – which vary from year to year, but generally include a résumé, personal statement and responses to several questions – are reviewed by a reading committee and the top vote-getters are offered Lawn residency, with several alternates also given notice of potential residency. Five of the remaining seven rooms are "endowed" by organizations on Grounds: the Jefferson Literary and Debating Society (room 7; founded there on July 14, 1825), Trigon Engineering Society (room 17; founded on November 3, 1924), Residence Staff (room 26), the Honor Committee (room 37) and the Kappa Sigma fraternity (room 46; founded there on December 10, 1869). These groups have their own selection process for choosing who will live in their Lawn room although the Dean of Students renders final approval. The Gus Blagden "Good Guy" room (15) resident is chosen from a host of nominees and does not necessarily belong to any particular group. Residency in the John K. Crispell memorial pre-med room (1) is usually granted to an outstanding pre-med student from among the group of 47 offered regular Lawn residency.</p><br>
<p>Residence in the pavilions is also desirable. However, only nine of the pavilions have faculty residents, as Pavilion VII is the Colonnade Club. The University&#39;s Board of Visitors has final approval over which faculty members may live in a pavilion. Pavilion residency is typically offered as a three- or five-year contract with the option to renew. Pavilion residents are expected to interact with their younger "Lawnie" neighbors, as Jefferson intended.</p><br>
<p>Early each December since 2001, the university celebrates winter with the "Lighting of the Lawn", where some 22,000 small white light bulbs are draped around the various buildings of the Lawn and lit up at once with great ceremony, immediately following the reading of a student-composed holiday-themed poem. The lights are turned on each nightfall until the end of the semester, usually about two weeks later. Thousands of students turn out for the opening event.</p><br>
<h2>The South Lawn Project</h2><br>
<p>In recent years, the Lawn changed considerably as a consequence of the South Lawn Project. The McIntire School of Commerce moved to a newly renovated Rouss Hall, formerly home of the college&#39;s Economics department. Monroe Hall (former home of the McIntire School) became part of the college. As part of the project, New Cabell Hall was renovated (though it was originally planned for demolition), and the Lawn was extended via a bridge over Jefferson Park Avenue to the space across and "above" the street – where before there was a faculty parking lot. The overall project added over 100,000 ft&sup2; of classroom and office space.</p><br>
<p>Originally awarded to modernist New York architecture firm Polshek Partnership, the final architects, Moore Ruble Yudell, chose a neoclassicist approach for the project. Criticism arose over the allegedly derivative architectural nature of the project. It aped certain aspects of The Lawn, leading UVA professor Jason Johnson to call it a "theme park".</p><br>
<p>This tension, common on college campuses around America and elsewhere, illustrated the broader conundrum of how to expand an architectural icon, taking advantage of modern building techniques and related cost advantages, without being obviously derivative in style. Other critics take the point of view that the neoclassicist approach is more appropriate in the context of the University of Virginia, contrasting the plans to other UVA projects like the modernist Hereford College and the revivalist Darden School. There has been open feuding over the neoclassical architectural approach ultimately chosen, with both sides writing letters or taking out ad space in the university&#39;s student newspaper, The Cavalier Daily.</p><br>
<p>UVA had the South Lawn Project LEED certified. The South Lawn Project was completed in the fall of 2010.</p><br>
<p>Chief Plenty Coups State Park is a state park located approximately 0.5 mi west of Pryor, Montana, on the Crow Indian Reservation. Chief Plenty Coups&#39;  Home, located in the state park, is a National Historic Landmark with several contributing resources. The homestead was listed on the USA National Register of Historic Places in 1970 He and his wife, Strikes the Iron, left their home and property to all people in 1928. The only museum of Apsáalooke culture in the United States is located here along with a memorial to Plenty Coups and his achievements.</p><br>
<h2>Park history</h2><br>
<p>In a vision as a young man, Chief Plenty Coups saw his future as an old man sitting in the shade of trees with a house and spring nearby. In 1883, he settled on an allotment of 320 acre saying:</p><br>
<p>Today, I who have been called Chief of Chiefs, among red men, present to all the children of our Great White Father this land where the snows of many winters have fallen on my tepee. This park is not to be a memorial to me, but to the Crow Nation. It is given as a token of my friendship for all people, both red and white.</p><br>
<p>Upon Chief Plenty Coups death in 1932, the Big Horn County Commission assumed responsibility and employed a caretaker for the farm and buildings. The Billings Kiwanis Club took stewardship of the land in 1951. The club operated a small museum in the house and placed small sandstone markers at the grave sites of Chief Plenty Coups and his wives. In 1961, the site entered state ownership under the control of the Montana State Highway Commission, who in turn passed it on to the parks division of the Montana Fish and Game Department, the predecessor to todays Montana Fish, Wildlife and Parks, in 1965. It was at this time that Chief Plenty Coups land became a state park. In about 1970, the State of Montana purchased an additional small tract of 6.2 acre for access and park structures, bringing the total to todays area of 195.4 acre. This additional parcel had been part of an allotment to Chief Plenty Coups&#39; wife, Kills Together, who died in 1923.</p><br>
<p>Neglect took a toll through the decades of the 1950s and 60s and under threat of lawsuit, the state, along with tribal and private donors, built a visitor center and museum in 1972. The house that Plenty Coups had begun in 1884 was stabilized in 1993 and 1994. In 2003, the state spent US$600,000 on renovations and improvements to the museum including the addition of a fire suppression system and other building safety features and refurbishment of the interpretative displays.</p><br>
<p>The park is now a quiet place to enjoy a walk or a picnic and is open year-round. The visitors center/museum and the Chiefs House are open to the public. The park also offers educational programs for schools and groups. On Labor Day weekend, Chief Plenty Coups State Park&#39;s main event is Day of Honor. This event is open to all, and many members of the Crow or Apsaalooké also come out to enjoy free food and dancing.</p><br>
<p>The Pentacrest is the Old Capitol and a collection of four buildings on the campus of the University of Iowa that surround the Old Capitol &mdash; Jessup Hall, Macbride Hall, MacLean Hall, and Schaeffer Hall &mdash; on a four-block-sized parcel of land in Iowa City, Iowa. The Old Capital exhibits the Greek Revival style while the four buildings that surround it display Beaux-Arts architecture.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The Pentacrest is a four-block park-like area including the zero-point of the street grid of Iowa City. The axes are defined by Iowa Avenue and Capitol Street. The exact center is marked by the Iowa Old Capitol Building, which was used as the first state capitol.</p><br>
<p>The borders of the Pentacrest are Jefferson Street on the north, Washington Street on the south, Madison Street on the west, and Clinton Street on the east.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Washington Avenue Historic District is located in Downtown West, St. Louis, Missouri along Washington Avenue, and bounded by Delmar Boulevard to the north, Locust Street to the south, 8th Street on the east, and 18th Street on the west. The buildings date from the late 19th century to the early 1920s. They exhibit a variety of popular architectural styles of those years, but most are revival styles or in the commercial style that would later come to be known as the Chicago School of architecture. Most are large multi-story buildings of brick and stone construction, built as warehouses for the St. Louis garment district. Many have terra cotta accents on their facades. After World War II, the decline in domestic garment production and the preference for single-story industrial space led to many of the buildings being vacant or underused due to functional obsolescence.</p><br>
<p>The district includes:</p><br>
<p>Ely and Walker Dry Goods Company Building (1906–07), designed by Eames & Young, now a residential loft building.</p><br>
<p>Lesser-Goldman/Ferguson-McKinney Building (1901) at the northwest corner of Washington and W. 12th, also designed by Eames & Young. It is "A half-block in size and enriched with classical, round arches with voussoirs and keystones, quoins, and a copiously enriched cornice, the building was in keeping with the standards of architectural design of "the great commercial warehouses which are making Washington Avenue a monumental street."</p><br>
<h2>Redevelopment</h2><br>
<p>The area began to experience some redevelopment in the 1990s. In 1998, the state of Missouri adopted a tax credit for the redevelopment of historic buildings, making large-scale renovation financially feasible. Local and national developers have acquired many buildings along Washington Avenue and in other parts of downtown. The buildings are being redeveloped with loft-style condominia and apartments.</p><br>
<p>Watkins Incorporated is a manufacturer of health remedies, baking products, and other household items. Founded in 1868, Watkins Incorporated is based in Winona, Minnesota, United States, which utilizes an omni-channel marketing strategy which includes a national retail sales force which focuses on selling to the retail channel as well as an independent sales force of 25,000 people to distribute its products.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The company was founded by J. R. Watkins in Plainview, Minnesota, who began selling liniment in 1868 door-to-door in the southeastern part of the state. A year after J.R. Watkins began selling liniment, he introduced the trial-mark bottle. Molded into the glass bottle, about one-third of the way down, was a mark which showed how much of the product a customer could use and still get a refund. A label with the statement, “If not fully satisfied, your money cheerfully refunded,” also appeared on the bottle. The Watkins trial-mark is believed to be the first money-back guarantee in the United States.</p><br>
<p>The company moved to Winona in 1885 and added a number of products to its lineup. Baking materials including pepper and vanilla extract were added in 1895 along with cinnamon, ginger, cloves, peppermint extract and lemon extract. Between 1889 and 1914, Watkins constructed six manufacturing buildings behind the Winona Administration Building. J.R. Watkins died in 1911. In 1914, a prominent ten-story building completed the look of the Administration Building. Maher&#39;s Administration Building included a70-foot high rotunda dome coated in 24-carat gold leaf, a blue Bedford stone façade, 224 stained glass skylights and three custom-made Tiffany stained glass windows.</p><br>
<p>During World War II, Watkins devoted 90% of its production capacity to support the Allied war effort. To fill government contracts, Watkins produced dried eggs, powdered juice packets, vitamin tablets, hospital germicide, DDT and insecticide powder.</p><br>
<p>In the 1940s, Watkins was the largest direct-sales company in the world but soon began to decline. The demographics and buying habits of the United States had major shifts in the following decades, and the company did not keep pace. Watkins filed for bankruptcy protection in the 1970s, and was purchased by Minneapolis investor Irwin L. Jacobs in 1978.</p><br>
<p>In 1996, Jacobs son, Mark Evan Jacobs, began to take over day-to-day operations. He was 14 when his father bought the company, and had worked as a Watkins salesman for many years. Mark was an aspiring actor, appearing in minor roles in films such as Biloxi Blues and Goodfellas, but realized his acting career wasnt advancing. Since taking over the company, he has controlled spending and introduced an enhanced compensation plan for sales associates. He also spearheaded an extensive brand study that led to the introduction of Watkins products onto store shelves.</p><br>
<p>The seven-building Watkins headquarters in Winona is on the National Register of Historic Places as the J.R. Watkins Medical Company Complex. In 2004, the complex was cited as having national significance related to architecture, commerce, and industry. It was nominated for being the long-time headquarters of the nation&#39;s largest direct sales company in the early 20th century, and for the Prairie School design of its 1911 Administration Building by architect George W. Maher. The front entrance includes a window designed by stained-glass artist Louis J. Millet depicting Sugar Loaf, a local landmark.</p><br>
<p>In 2002, the story of a Watkins salesman, Bill Porter, was dramatized in the 2002 Emmy award-winning TNT movie Door to Door. Porter had a 50-year career with Watkins in Portland, Oregon, and worked a route despite having cerebral palsy. Porter was also featured in news stories.</p><br>
<p>In 2017, the Watkins Company sold its home care, personal care and over-the-counter remedies product lines to Swander Pace Capital. The newly formed sister company, J.R. Watkins Brands, focuses solely on home care, personal care and over-the-counter remedies.</p><br>
<p>In September 2018, Watkins set a Guinness World Record for greatest number of layers in a layer cake. The record-breaking confection was a 6 1" Lady Baltimore cake with 260 layers, exceeding the previous record by 30 layers. Ingredients included 900 eggs, 480 pounds of sugar, 150 pounds of flour, 102 pounds of shortening, 45 pounds of butter, 32 pounds of oil, 45 pounds of milk, 30 pounds water, 2.5 pounds salt, and 7 pounds of Watkins All Natural Baking Vanilla Extract. Watkins commissioned Wuollet Bakery in Minneapolis to create the cake, and the record-breaking event took place at Watkins headquarters during the companys 150th anniversary celebration.</p><br>
<p>Fort Nonsense is one of four sites comprising the Morristown National Historical Park, in Morristown, Morris County, New Jersey, United States. Two other sites in Morris County are the Ford Mansion and Jockey Hollow. The fourth is the New Jersey Brigade Encampment Site in Bernardsville, Somerset County.</p><br>
<p>Fort Nonsense occupies a high hilltop overlooking Morristown, and is believed to have been the site of a signal fire or smoke signal, along with earthworks. It was originally built at the order of General George Washington in 1777 for use during the American Revolutionary War that began in 1775 and was ended in 1783 by the Treaty of Paris.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The derivation of the name "Fort Nonsense" is unknown. Researchers say it does not appear in any known document before 1833. The often cited story is that Washingtons original purpose for constructing the fort was to keep the American troops busy and out of trouble; however, Washingtons intention is reportedly disclosed by an order in 1777, issued as he moved the Continental Army to the Middlebrook encampment.</p><br>
<p>The National Park Service provides these details:</p><br>
<p>The location of Fort Nonsense is at the highest point rising above a relatively level plateau west of the Watchung Mountains on which Morristown was settled. The strategic point provides a clear view of the lands to the north, east, and south with a range of mountains arising directly to the west of the point.</p><br>
<p>The mountains of northern New Jersey provided safe retreats behind natural barriers that the British troops and their conscripted Hessian auxiliaries to Great Britain were never ordered to scale after they had fared badly while attempting to negotiate the few passes, such as Hobart Gap. The movements of the British and their troops between New York and Philadelphia skirted along the coastal and narrow piedmont regions of the state until passing the southern boundary of the mountain ranges, readily visible to the scouts stationed atop the mountains to monitor their movement.</p><br>
<h2>Current status</h2><br>
<p>As it is not a current strategic outlook post but is rather a public park, much of the forest has grown back. The park service maintains open space on the east facade and the very top where a parking lot and a small park with a period cannon are located. The eastward view encompasses the entire New York City skyline, Morristown&#39;s busy South Street, and most towns in between Morristown and New York City.</p><br>
<p>The Gage Group Buildings consist of three buildings located at 18, 24 and 30 S. Michigan Avenue, between Madison Street and Monroe Street, in Chicago, Illinois. They were built from 1890–1899, designed by Holabird & Roche for the three millinery firms - Gage, Keith and Ascher. The building at 18 S. Michigan Avenue has an ornamental façade designed by Louis Sullivan. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places on November 14, 1985, and was designated a Chicago Landmark on September 11, 1996. In addition, it is a historic district contributing property for the Chicago Landmark Historic Michigan Boulevard District.</p><br>
<p>The façades of these buildings demonstrate two different approaches to the Chicago School, a design movement that led to the creation of modern commercial architecture. The buildings by Holabird & Roche are straightforward, while the facade designed by Sullivan exemplifies his more expressive approach.</p><br>
<p>The tallest building is known as "18 South Michigan Avenue" and was previously called the Gage Brothers and Company Building. Before the Chicago street addresses were changed in 1909, the building had the address of 130 S. Michigan Avenue. The ornamental flourishes at the top of Sullivan&#39;s façade were pushed upwards when four stories were added in 1902 by different architects. This is one of only five buildings in Chicago designed by Louis Sullivan as a solo architect that are still standing.</p><br>
<p>The two smaller buildings to the south are also part of the Gage Group Buildings. The Edson Keith and Company Building is connected to the Gage Building and is located at 24 S. Michigan Avenue. The Theodore Ascher and Company Building is also known as the 30 South Michigan Building.</p><br>
<p>Cannelton Cotton Mill, also known as Indiana Cotton Mill, is a National Historic Landmark of the United States located in Cannelton, Indiana, United States. Built in 1849 as an effort to expand textile milling out of New England, it was the largest industrial building west of the Allegheny Mountains, designed by Thomas Alexander Tefft, an early industrial architect. It was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1991.</p><br>
<p>The building now houses residences.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Construction of the Cannelton Cotton Mill began in 1849 and was completed in 1851. Designed by Rhode Island architect Thomas Alexander Tefft and built of sandstone, the mill was once the largest industrial building in the United States west of the Allegheny Mountains. It initially employed about 400 workers, mostly women and girls, and annually produced more than 200,000 pounds of cotton batting and four million yards of cotton sheeting. Of 309 workers employed there in 1890, only 78 were men. As late as 1900, the mill employed 35 girls and 19 boys under the age of 18.</p><br>
<p>The driving force behind the mills construction was Hamilton Smith (1804–1875), a prominent attorney from Louisville, Kentucky. Smiths vision was to create a western milling center to rival Lowell, Massachusetts, but using steam-powered machinery fired by locally produced coal instead of the hydropower that ran the Lowell mills. The task proved too difficult for Smith and his associates, one of whom was Salmon P. Chase, later United States Secretary of the Treasury and Chief Justice of the United States, who became Smith&#39;s friend when both were students at Dartmouth College. Another was Indiana federal judge Elisha Mills Huntington. In 1851, control of the mill passed to brothers Dwight Newcomb (1820–1892) and Horatio Dalton Newcomb (1809–1874) who operated it successfully.</p><br>
<p>The mill closed in 1954. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1975 and became a National Historic Landmark in 1991. The adaptive restoration of the mill to a 70-unit, low-income apartment complex was completed in 2003.</p><br>
<h2>Location and construction</h2><br>
<p>Located facing the Ohio River, the mill is 280 ft long and 60 ft wide. Its most striking features are 100 ft twin towers, one housed a fire escape and the other was used for water storage and fire protection. The mills style is Romanesque, but it was not built as Tefft originally designed it. Teffts drawings called for each story to have different window heads and for dormer windows in the roof. His plan also called for a stepped foundation. As built, the dormers were eliminated and the remaining windows, except for those in the towers, were all capped with square lintels. A half-basement with square windows replaced the stepped foundation. The overall effect is much more severe than Tefft had intended.</p><br>
<p>Abell is a neighborhood located in the north-central area of Baltimore, Maryland, United States. It is considered to be part of Charles Village, Baltimore.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>Abell is a predominantly residential community that structurally conforms to a grid street pattern established in the area during the first quarter of the 20th century. However, remnants of earlier diagonal roads still exist in the neighborhood—today&#39;s Merryman Lane, and the truncated Vineyard Lane, both of which are in the northeast section of the area.</p><br>
<p>The Abell neighborhood, like Abell Avenue, derives its name from the Abell family, longtime owners of The Baltimore Sun newspapers. The Abell family owned a large summer estate known as Guilford, which was located a short distance north of today&#39;s Abell community.</p><br>
<p>The majority of residential structures in Abell are row houses of medium-to-large size. East of Barclay Street in the northern portion are a number of interesting late-19th-century individual frame structures which remain from the former Victorian-era village of Waverly. Scattered throughout the community are a number of small apartment buildings. Mixed residential and commercial uses are prevalent along Greenmount Avenue. Since the 1950s, portions of the community&#39;s southeast section have been dedicated to light industrial and educational use.</p><br>
<p>Early in its development, during the 1920s and 1920s, Abell was known for its well-constructed row houses and such plumbing amenities as running water and indoor sanitary provisions. Daylight houses, which allowed light into all rooms, were built mostly by Edward J. Storck in the northern blocks. Areas to the south were developed with bay window, porch-front row houses. These new blocks were advertised as being in the Guilford area, thereby capitalizing on their proximity to that wealthier neighborhood to the north.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Abell community was part of the original "Huntington" tract of&#39; 136 acre laid out for Tobias Stanboro in 1688. The early subdivision of Huntington had brought into being a number of attractive country seats including a few in the Abell neighborhood.</p><br>
<h3>Oriole Park</h3><br>
<p>In 1889 a portion of the land near 29th Street and Greenmount Avenue was used as a baseball park—the first Oriole Park. However, this was abandoned two years later because it was considered too far out from the city. In 1914 Terrapin Park was established north of 29th Street at Greenmount Avenue as a ballpark for the Federal League&#39;s Baltimore Orioles, and the field was renamed Oriole Park. The lives of many local children revolved around the dramatic presence of baseball in their community. In 1937 a new scoreboard, as tall as a -story building and as wide as four houses, was erected and billed as the largest scoreboard in the world, its ability to display all the important operations of the game using electricity was a marvel of the time.</p><br>
<p>When a six-alarm nighttime fire destroyed the wooden stands and buildings in 1944, 1,500 people had to flee the neighborhood. The intense heat melted asphalt on 29th Street and tar on nearby roofs. The Orioles moved to the twenty-year-old Baltimore Municipal Stadium, and Barclay Street was cut through the old Oriole Park site. For years the land stood vacant and was used as a playground. During the mid-1950s, commercial and warehouse structures were built along the eastern portion, and the Barclay (originally Barclay Elementary, then Middle) School, #54, was built to the west in 1959.</p><br>
<h3>Huntington Baptist Church</h3><br>
<p>An important local landmark originally part of the early Waverly community still exists in Abell. The Huntington Baptist Church, at the northeast corner of 31st Street and Barclay Street, was founded in 1836 as a small Sabbath school for convalescent soldiers. Throughout the early 19th century men from Ft. McHenry were moved to the higher and healthier atmosphere of the Abell area, near the intersection of Old and New York Roads, to escape the threat of malaria. Occasionally, convalescing soldiers from the barracks would attend Baptist services in private homes of the neighborhood. A Sabbath school was established nearby in an old barracks building in 1836. Alternate visiting ministers preached weekly sermons for soldiers and a few civilians. In 1846 James Wilson, a large landowner in the area, erected a small chapel which he called the Huntington Baptist Church. The congregation grew steadily until it required a new building in 1873. Modeled after Talmage&#39;s Tabernacle in Brooklyn, it was covered with corrugated iron plates. In service for fifty years, the old tabernacle landmark was replaced in 1922 with the present church. As of 2017 the building is home to Saint Moses Church, a non-denominational congregation.</p><br>
<p>Buccleuch Mansion is located in Buccleuch Park in New Brunswick in Middlesex County, New Jersey, along the Raritan River.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The house was originally built in 1739 by Anthony White, son-in-law of Lewis Morris, a colonial governor of New Jersey. White built the house for his bride Elizabeth Morris. Their son Anthony Walton White sided with the revolutionaries against the King in the American Revolutionary War. The house was previously known as "The White House Farm." The house was bought by Colonel Joseph Warren Scott in 1821. The house and lands were deeded to the City of New Brunswick to be used as a park in 1911.</p><br>
<p>Today, the house is looked after by the Jersey Blue chapter of the Daughters of the American Revolution (DAR). Tours are given on Sundays from June through October, and at other times by appointment. The house is decorated with Federal and Victorian furnishings, many of which belonged to the Scott family, owners during much of the 19th century.</p><br>
<p>Buccleuch is not to be confused with the Buckelew Mansion in Jamesburg, another historic white-painted house in Middlesex County.</p><br>
<h2>Timeline</h2><br>
<p>1739 Built by Anthony White</p><br>
<p>1780 Owned by Charles Stewart, Colonel in the 1780s and was visited by several prominent men, such as George Washington, Alexander Hamilton, General Kosciusko, General Gates, and John Hancock.</p><br>
<p>1821 Joseph Warren Scott (1778–1871) buys "The White House" from Mary Garnett and renames it "Buccleuch" on June 6</p><br>
<p>1871 Death of Joseph Warren Scott (1778–1871)</p><br>
<p>1911 Anthony Dey, grandson of Joseph Warren Scott (1778–1871), donated his home and 88 acres of woodland and fertile farmland to the City of New Brunswick, NJ</p><br>
<p>Gunston Hall is an 18th-century Georgian mansion near the Potomac River in Mason Neck, Virginia, United States.</p><br>
<p>Built between 1755 and 1759 by George Mason, a Founding Father, to be the main residence and headquarters of a 5,500 acre slave plantation. The home is located not far from George Washington&#39;s home.</p><br>
<p>The interior of the house and its design was mostly the work of William Buckland, a carpenter/joiner and indentured servant from England. Buckland later went on to design several notable buildings in Virginia and Maryland. Both he and William Bernard Sears, another indentured servant, are believed to have created the ornate woodwork and interior carving. Gunston&#39;s interior design combines elements of rococo, chinoiserie, and Gothic styles, an unusual contrast to the tendency for simple decoration in Virginia at this time. Although chinoiserie was popular in Britain, Gunston Hall is the only house known to have had this decoration in colonial America.</p><br>
<p>In 1792, Thomas Jefferson visited Gunston Hall for the last time, attending George Mason&#39;s death bed.</p><br>
<p>After Mason&#39;s death, the house remained in use as a private residence for many years. In 1868, it was purchased by noted abolitionist and Civil War Colonel Edward Daniels. It is now a museum owned by the Commonwealth of Virginia and open to the public. Also hosted on. The National Society of The Colonial Dames of America (NSCDA) operates the museum as a joint effort with the Commonwealth of Virginia led by a Board of Regents selected by the NSCDA. The home and grounds were designated a National Historic Landmark in 1960 for their association with Mason.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<h3>Naming</h3><br>
<p>The Masons came from Gunstone in South Staffordshire and like many others in that area supported the Crown during the 1642-1651 Wars of the Three Kingdoms. After the Royalist defeat at Worcester in 1651, Philip Mason I emigrated to Virginia, along with his cousin Gerard Fowke, whose family home was Gunstone Hall and which gave its name to George Mason&#39;s building. One of his distant relatives was Lieutenant General Thomas Fowke (1690-1765), who fought at the Battle of Prestonpans during the 1745 Jacobite Rising.</p><br>
<h3>Construction</h3><br>
<p>William Buckland signed an indenture with Thomson Mason, George Mason&#39;s brother, on 4 August 1755, four months after he finished as an apprentice from April 1748 to April 1755. In exchange for free passage to Virginia, room and board, and a yearly salary of twenty pounds sterling, Buckland agreed to act as a carpenter and joiner for the Masons for four years.</p><br>
<p>In November, when Buckland arrived, the exterior walls of Gunston Hall were probably complete. Buckland probably did design the portico overlooking the garden, in addition to much of the interior. The various carvings in the mansion were probably the combined work of William Buckland and William Bernard Sears. Buckland most likely provided designs for the carvings, but Sears most likely carved the wood. Buckland and Sears probably worked on much of the original furniture together. At the time, it was not uncommon for English architects to design furniture as well as buildings.</p><br>
<h3>Later history</h3><br>
<p>The mansion stayed in the Mason family until 1867. From 1868 to 1891, it was owned by Edward Daniels, a Virginia newspaper publisher and Reconstruction Era politician, who was a former Union cavalry officer and ardent abolitionist. In 1912, it was bought by retired Marshall Field & Company executive, Louis Hertle, whose second wife, Eleanor Daughaday, was a member of The National Society of The Colonial Dames of America. They set about restoring the mansion to its original plan and hosted many prominent guests. In 1949, Hertle in his will gave the property to the Commonwealth of Virginia as a museum to be run by The National Society of The Colonial Dames of America.</p><br>
<p>Pamela Cunningham Copeland, American horticulturist and historic preservationist, made a significant contribution to the restoration of Gunston Hall in her role as first regent of the Board of Regents of Gunston Hall for the National Society Colonial Dames of America. Copeland led successful efforts to restore its historic gardens, acquire period furniture for the main house, and led efforts to reunite Mason family descendants to support the historic site. She was also the coauthor of “The Five George Masons.... Patricians and Planters of Virginia and Maryland" in 1975.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<h3>First floor</h3><br>
<p>The front of the house faces northwest. The first floor of the house is divided in two by a central passage, leading from a door in the northwest to a door in the southeast, with a staircase running up on the northeast side. On the northeast side of the central passage is the primary chamber (or bedroom) in the front, and the little parlor in the back. Between the primary chamber and the little parlor is a smaller passage, leading to a service staircase and a small, side stairway. The Gunston Hall Plantation official website says that on the southwest side of the house is a parlor in the front and a dining room in the back. However, the Historic American Buildings Survey says that on the southwest side of the house the dining room is in the front and a palladian room is in the back.</p><br>
<p>The central passage is lined by six symmetrical Doric-style pilasters. A double arch, with a carved pine cone, divides the front of the passage from the back. In the front, there are four doors placed opposite one another, although one is a fake door for symmetry. The front of the hall is covered in wallpaper, while the back has raised painted paneling.</p><br>
<p>The primary chamber was a private room and was less ornate than the public rooms. Toward the end of Masons life, it was painted in emerald green, which was considered a desirable color. The windows had pocket shutters, and are believed to be the only windows in the house to have curtains during Masons lifetime.</p><br>
<p>The little parlor was private and decorated plainly. The walls were painted a neutral grey. Above the fireplace was a split pediment overmantel (a rectangle, and a partial triangle above that). During Mason&#39;s lifetime, the rectangle contained either a painting or a mirror. On either side of the fireplace are deep-shelved beaufats (niches) to store and display the tableware, with doors to secure valuable possessions.</p><br>
<p>The western room (called the parlor or the dining room) was a public, ornately decorated room. The walls are painted a yellow ocher, and the woodwork is Chinese-style. The wall of the fireplace has a mantel decorated with fretwork, pagoda-like scalloped moldings, as well as canopies topped by pine cone finials. Above the doors are similar canopies, which might have displayed Chinese porcelain vases or ceramic figures. The two long windows are topped by scalloped pediments, decorated with fretwork. During Mason&#39;s lifetime, three of the walls were probably wallpapered. During the 18th century, chinoese (Chinese-style) design was popular in Great Britain, however the Gunston Hall museum does not know of any other rooms in colonial America with this type of coordinated chinoiserie woodwork.</p><br>
<p>The southern room (called the dining room or the palladian room), was public, and was the most elaborately decorated in the house. The classical woodwork shows touches of the fashionable rococo design. The fireplace wall has an ornate chimney breast. On either side of the fireplace are beaufats, these ones with shallower shelves than in the little parlour, and no doors. Classical broken pediments top the chimney breast and the beaufats. The floor was made of carefully matched blind-doweled planks, an expensive feature. Egg-and-dart carved patterns surround the black-walnut entry doors. During Masons lifetime, painted or decorated paper covered the thin pine paneling on the walls. The two windows look out onto Masons garden.</p><br>
<h3>Second floor</h3><br>
<p>Unlike other 18th-century houses of Gunston Hall&#39;s stature, the layout of the second floor is entirely dissimilar to the floor below. A narrow passage runs sideways through the upper level, leading to seven bedchambers and a storage room. At the top of the main stairway is a tri-part arch with fluted pillars, separating the passageway from a small gallery overlooking the staircase. The smaller service staircase comes up opposite the storage room.</p><br>
<p>Of the bedchambers, only the four corner rooms have fireplaces. Their fireplaces and surrounds did have some architectural detail. The corner rooms had two or three windows each, while the inner chambers only had one window each. The walls of the corner bedchambers were painted with more expensive shades, such as Prussian blue or verdigris. The attic was accessible through one of the inner bedrooms.</p><br>
<p>The storage closet, or lumber room, had no exterior window, but instead received light from a window to the stairwell, as there was an exterior window above the staircase landing.</p><br>
<h3>Basement</h3><br>
<p>Gunston Hall has a basement, which has a main passage and four rooms like the floor above it. Three staircases lead down to the basement. The basement contains four brick arched chimney supports, and nine small windows.</p><br>
<p>In 1975, a cast-iron stove was excavated from the basement. The style of the stove suggests it is from the 18th or early 19th century. Around 1986, a "shallow subsurface perimeter drainage system" was built about 4 ft away from the foundation walls. This reduced standing water in the basement caused by excess ground moisture.</p><br>
<h3>Porches</h3><br>
<p>The front porch of Gunston Hall is William Buckland&#39;s "most individualistic design", according to Great Georgian Houses of America, as copied by the Historic American Buildings Survey. The classical lines of the porch exactly follow those of a Roman medal of the Temple of Tyche in Eumeneia, Asia Minor, only engraved once. It is possible Buckland saw the medal or heard it discussed while apprenticing with his uncle, a bookshop owner.</p><br>
<h2>Garden and outbuildings</h2><br>
<p>The garden is located behind the house, or on the southern side. The garden was grown above a man-made level platform where there used to be a hill, and is exactly one acre (about 4000 sq m) in area. A gravel path runs from the back of the house to the southern edge, and was 12 ft wide during Masons time period, the same width as the central passage in the house and the portico. Today, the path is narrower, crowded by boxwoods that are now about 250 years old. The path ends in an overlook extending out from the steep edge of the garden. From here, the Potomac river can be seen. The Gunston Hall museum website says that the view was more impressive during Masons time, when the trees were cleared. The garden was most likely broken into four rectangles, with additional gravel paths running through and around it. To give the illusion from the house of all rectangles being the same size, the rectangles closer to the house were probably shorter than the rectangles farther away.</p><br>
<p>The outbuildings at Gunston Hall are reconstructed. They include a kitchen, dairy, smokehouse, and laundry. They are believed to represent typical support buildings of an 18th-century plantation household. George Mason owned about 90 slaves, but the location of their dwellings is unknown.</p><br>
<h2>Visitors&#39; center and museum shop</h2><br>
<p>The visitors&#39; center shows an 11-minute film, "George Mason and the Bill of Rights."</p><br>
<p>The museum shop sells souvenirs such as books, gift items, soap, food, and toys.</p><br>
<h2>Other Mason plantations</h2><br>
<p>George Masons other plantations included Hollin Hall, Woodbridge, Lexington, and Masons Island. His son, John Mason, lived in Clermont for part of his life. The Gunston Hall plantation was essentially a small village, home to more than a hundred people.</p><br>
<p>George Mason gave Hollin Hall to his third son, Thomson Mason, through deeds of gift in 1781 and 1786. The land, as given, totaled 676 acre. Hollin Hall is about 3 mi southwest of Alexandria. Late in the 18th century, it was near George Washington&#39;s Mount Vernon. Thomson Mason was the first member of the Mason family to live here. Before, the land was rented out to tenants. Woodbridge Plantation used to be on the Occoquan River across from Colchester. There was a ferry there. George Mason willed the land to Thomas Mason, his youngest son, in 1792.</p><br>
<p>Lexington Plantation was originally part of the Gunston Hall Plantation land. Lexington was given to George Mason&#39;s first son, George Mason V. The mansion of Lexington Plantation was probably not built until after George Mason V returned from a trip to Europe in 1783.</p><br>
<p>George Mason III bought Barbadoes Island (now Theodore Roosevelt Island) from Francis Hammersly in 1717, and the island came to be known as Masons Island. George Mason gave the island to his fourth son John Mason in 1792. Since John Mason always referred to the island as Analostan Island it came to be known by that name. During the 1790s, John ordered a summer home built there. After financial troubles, the bank foreclosed the island and Johns Georgetown property in 1833. John Mason then moved to Clermont, a 320 acre property he had recently acquired, where he spent the rest of his life.</p><br>
<h2>Legacy</h2><br>
<p>Gunston Hall, home of George Mason, was commemorated on a 3-cent stamp for the 200th anniversary on June 12, 1958. The view shows the riverfront side of the classic mid-Georgian brick home. George Mason was author of the Virginia Declaration of Rights, which served as the basis of the first ten amendments to the Federal Constitution.</p><br>
<p>Gunston Hall was the namesake of the USS Gunston Hall (LSD-5) launched in 1943, LSD-5 later served in the Argentine Navy.</p><br>
<p>and the USS Gunston Hall (LSD-44) launched in 1987. Gunston Hall is also the namesake for Gunston Elementary School, in Lorton, Virginia, Gunston Middle School in Arlington, Virginia, as well as "Gunston," a former athletic mascot for George Mason University.</p><br>
<p>Thurber is an unincorporated community in Erath County, Texas, United States , located 75 miles west of Fort Worth. It was, between 1888 and 1921, one of the largest producers of bituminous coal in Texas and the largest company town in the state, with a population of over 10,000. The population of the community is 48 per the 2010 United States Census.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Coal-mining operations began in Thurber in 1886 and reached a peak around 1920, when the town had a population of approximately 8,000 to 10,000, from more than a dozen nationalities, though Italians, Poles, and Mexicans predominated. At the peak, Thurber was one of Texas&#39;s largest bituminous coal-mining towns. Established as a company town, the mining operations in Thurber were unionized in 1903, and Thurber became the first totally closed shop town in the country.</p><br>
<p>The company that owned the town, the Texas and Pacific Coal Company, also produced vitrified paving bricks that were used throughout Texas and the southern half of the United States. By 1920, conversion of locomotives from coal to oil reduced demand and lowered prices and miners left the area through the 1920s. The Texas and Pacific Coal Company was instrumental in discovering oil in the Ranger, Texas, area as part of the Texas Oil Boom; the company re-branded itself the Texas Pacific Coal and Oil Company, and, eventually, the Texas Pacific Oil Company.</p><br>
<p>Nationwide, there are several thousands of people whose roots go back to Thurber. There are several landmarks in Thurber, such as The Thurber Cemetery (which has over a thousand graves), the restored St. Barbaras Catholic Church, a restored and furnished coal miners house, New York Hill, and much more. A historic Thurber smokestack can be seen from Interstate 20 near Thurber. Also at Thurber is the W. K. Gordon Center for Industrial History of Texas, a museum containing information on historical Thurber (operated by nearby Tarleton State University), as well as the historic Smokestack Restaurant, and the New York Hill Restaurant built on what was once the site of the town&#39;s Episcopal Church at the top of New York Hill.</p><br>
<h2>Notable people</h2><br>
<p>Johnny Lucadello, baseball player</p><br>
<p>Tony Lucadello, baseball scout</p><br>
<p>Rex Trailer, television cowboy star</p><br>
<p>Tony Venzon, baseball umpire</p><br>
<h2>Photo gallery</h2><br>
<p>Poquessing Creek is a 10.3 mi creek, a right tributary of the Delaware River, that forms the boundary between Philadelphia and Bensalem Township, which borders it to the northeast along the Delaware. It has defined this boundary between Bucks and Philadelphia counties since 1682.</p><br>
<p>The creek arises in Trevose and meanders to the southeast before emptying into the Delaware River. The name Poquessing comes from the Lenape "Poetquessnink", meaning "place of the mice". The mouth of the Poquessing on the Delaware was first proposed as the site for William Penn&#39;s Philadelphia, and for many years the surrounding area was known as "Old Philadelphia".</p><br>
<p>The Poquessing drains an area of approximately 21.5 square miles in Philadelphia, Montgomery, and Bucks counties, including portions of the municipalities of Philadelphia, Upper Southampton, Lower Southampton, Lower Moreland, and Bensalem.</p><br>
<p>Poquessing Creek and its tributaries have largely escaped the "channelization" process that has transformed significant portions of other watercourses in the city into storm sewers, as the map at discloses. This process had been used in the past to allow land to be leveled and filled in order to preserve the traditional, regular rectangular grid of streets and property lines so common to the city. By the 1930s this process was seen as creating many problems.</p><br>
<p>During the late 1950s, housing in new developments was built with curving through-streets that conformed to the natural topography, avoiding the need to fill or level the terrain. The Morrell Park neighborhood was the first in Philadelphia to follow this, avoiding for years any development near the stream valley of Byberry Creek, which flows through and about the neighborhood before its confluence with the Poquessing (though later years saw development much closer to the stream than originally envisioned). Channelization of the Poquessing affected only a tiny unnamed creek below Grant Avenue near Fluehr Park.</p><br>
<p>Though Byberry Creek and its two branches, Wilsons Run and Waltons Run, remain free-flowing, their entire courses are owned and operated by the city as an integral part of the city&#39;s storm sewer system, and are so marked on city departmental maps. Despite this circumstance, they have lovely courses during low water flows.</p><br>
<h2>Geology</h2><br>
<p>Poquessing Creek starts out flowing on a bedrock of felsic gneiss, from the Cambrian, consisting of quartz. microcline, pyroxene, and biotite, buff to pink color and fine to medium grained.</p><br>
<p>Then it flows into a region of the Wissahickon Formation, from the Paleozoic, a schist, a metamorphic rock containing garnet, staurolite, kyanite, and sillimanite. Varieties include oligoclase-mica schist.</p><br>
<p>As the Poquessing passes along the border between Philadelphia and Bucks County, the Pennsauken and Bridgeton Formations, from the Tertiary, consisting of quartz sand, overlie the Wissahickon Formation, but the creek has eroded below these formations to flow along the Wissahickon Formation.</p><br>
<p>Then, the last few hundred yards (meters) before emptying into the Delaware River, it flows through the Trenton Gravel formation, from the Quaternary, consisting of reddish-brown gravely sand and silt.</p><br>
<h2>Tributaries</h2><br>
<p>Black Lake Run</p><br>
<p>Bloody Run</p><br>
<p>Byberry Creek</p><br>
<p>Colberts Run</p><br>
<p>Elwoods Run</p><br>
<p>Waltons Run</p><br>
<p>Wilsons Run</p><br>
<h2>Historic bridges</h2><br>
<p>Several historic bridges cross the Poquessing.</p><br>
<p>A two-span, closed-spandrel, stone arch bridge, built in 1805, originally carried the King&#39;s Highway, later the Byberry and Bensalem Turnpike. It was improved in 1917 to carry the new Lincoln Highway but was bypassed by the Roosevelt Boulevard in 1921. It is open to pedestrian traffic only.</p><br>
<p>A three-span stone arch bridge, built in 1845, carrying Red Lion Road near the site of the old Red Lion Inn is still in use.</p><br>
<p>A two-span, closed-spandrel, stone arch bridge at Richlieu Road, built in 1840, is no longer in use.</p><br>
<p>A two-span, 42 ft, closed-spandrel, stone arch bridge at Century Lane, built in 1853 to connect the villages of Mechanicsville (now part of Philadelphia) and Elizabethtown, remains in use.</p><br>
<p>A single-span concrete arch bridge where Frankford Avenue meets Bristol Pike (both USA Route 13), built in 1904, is notable for its early modern use of concrete. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1988 and remains in use today.</p><br>
<p>A 19th-century four-arch stone bridge carries Amtrak&#39;s Northeast Corridor rail line (originally Pennsylvania Railroad) over the Poquessing and Grant Avenue in Philadelphia. The span over Grant Avenue has been improved to a concrete deck arch.</p><br>
<h2>Quotation</h2><br>
<p>From The History of Philadelphia&#39;s Watersheds and Sewers compiled by Adam Levine, Historical Consultant, Philadelphia Water Department:</p><br>
<p>Poquessing Creek rises in Montgomery County, crosses the north-west line of the late township of Byberry, where it receives a branch which flowed mainly through Moreland. It there bends northward into the county of Bucks, again southward, when it touches the township line, and flows south-east and south-west, forming the boundary line of Byberry, and turning to the south-east enters the Delaware.—Bloody run empties into it at Carters mill, Black Lake creek at Mechanicsville, and Gilberts run about a mile below.—Elwoods run and Wilsons run, which rise in Byberry township, unite to form Byberry creek, which enters the Poquessing near the Red Lion tavern.—Colberts run and Waltons run unite and form Waltons creek, which flows into the Byberry. The latter meets the Poquessing within a mile of where it enters the Delaware River. On Lindstroms map this stream is called Pouquessinge, La Riviere de Kakimons. Mr. Henry defines Kakamons to be a name for the pike, so that this was Pike creek; but Peder Lindstrom also has upon his map Drake Kylen, La Riviere des Dragons, or Dragon River. Johan Campanius calls it Drake Kylen. In a patent to Nicholas Moore it is called Poetquessingh, and on Holmes&#39; map, Potquessin.</p><br>
<p>The Grange Estate, also known as Maen-Coch and Clifton Hall, is a historic mansion built by Henry Lewis Jr.  in Havertown, Pennsylvania, near Philadelphia. Parts of the residence are incorporated in the carriage house.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The original tract of land was sold to Lewis by William Penn in 1682. The land was purchased by Captain John Wilcox in 1750, and quickly sold to Charles Cruikshank in 1761. The main house, built in c. 1750 and expanded several times through the 1850s, was, for the most part, built in additions by Cruikshank and his family, who added the various terraces, gardens, and most of the residence facing Cobbs Creek. Cruikshanks son-in-law, John Ross, coined the name the Grange&#39; for the property. The building was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1976 as The Grange.</p><br>
<p>The mansion, an example of the Gothic Revival style, is presented in the state it was in at the turn of the 20th century. The grounds also feature Victorian gardens.</p><br>
<p>The house was owned by patriot and Philadelphia merchant John Ross during the late 18th century, who named his country estate after the home of Lafayette. Ross&#39;s house was frequented by several notable historic figures, including George Washington and Lafayette.</p><br>
<p>In 1815, the house was purchased by Manuel Eyre Jr., son of Washington aide Manuel Eyre, who served with Washington during the Revolution. The Eyre family held the estate longer than any other, first from 1815 to 1846, and then, through their Ashhurst cousins, from 1848 to 1911.</p><br>
<p>The last family to occupy the mansion did so from 1913 until 1974, when the estate was purchased by Haverford Township in 1974 under the Haverford Historical Society.</p><br>
<p>The mansion is now maintained as a museum and community center. Regular tours are available from April to October and during the December holidays.</p><br>
<p>The Hippodrome Theatre  is a regional professional theatre in downtown Gainesville, Florida, United States. It was founded in 1973 by local actors and was added to the USA National Register of Historic Places on July 10, 1979.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<h3>USA Post Office and District Courthouse</h3><br>
<p>The building itself was completed in 1911, and served as a USA Post Office (on the first floor) and a Courthouse of the United States District Court for the Northern District of Florida (on the second floor).</p><br>
<h3>Interior design</h3><br>
<p>The present-day interior maintains much of the original walls, doors and beams from its post office and courthouse era. The Hippodrome building also has one of the oldest working elevators in Florida which requires the operator to manually close the screen, the door, and then pull a crank to operate.</p><br>
<h3>Modern renovations</h3><br>
<p>In 2013, due to the imminent discontinuation of 35 mm movie film, the theater used a combination of grant funding and a Kickstarter project to help fund its transition to digital projectors, which it estimated to cost $40,000.</p><br>
<p>The theater received a series of renovations in 2020, which included lobby improvements, better indoor and outdoor lighting, new speakers, and improved air conditioning. These renovations cost the theater over $324,000 and were partially funded by Wild Spaces & Public Places, a 2016 Alachua County tax initiate.</p><br>
<h2>Operations</h2><br>
<p>The Hippodrome uses professional actors and has its own set designers, costume designers, sound engineers and lighting engineers for each of its main stage productions. It also provides youth theater education classes. The Hippodrome features Broadway and off Broadway productions and art house films.</p><br>
<p>The Hippodrome provides arts education for all ages, including classes & camps, in-school programs, workshops and behind-the-scenes opportunities for adults.</p><br>
<p>It is a relatively small location, with a 268-seat thrust stage main stage theater on the second floor and 80-seat cinema space on the first floor.</p><br>
<p>The Redridge Steel Dam is a steel dam across the Salmon Trout River in Redridge, Houghton County, Michigan. Completed in 1901, it is a flat slab buttress dam constructed of steel, a relatively rare material for construction of dams, which are typically made of earthenworks, concrete, or masonry. Most sources indicate that it was one of only three such dams constructed in the United States, the other two being the Ashfork-Bainbridge Steel Dam  and the Hauser Lake Dam , the last of which failed within a year of construction.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>In 1894, prior to the construction of the steel dam, the Atlantic Mining Company built a timber crib dam across the Salmon Trout River. The dam created a reservoir which supplied water to the Atlantic stamp mill which extracted copper from ore-bearing rock. With the growth of the Atlantic stamp mill and the construction of the Baltic Mining Company mill nearby, this reservoir proved to be insufficient, and in 1901 the steel dam was built. It was designed by J. F. Jackson and built by the Wisconsin Bridge and Iron Company. The old timber crib dam remained in place, submerged, upstream of the steel dam. A system of spillways, sluices (or launders as they are referred to in contemporary texts), and pipes brought water downhill to the stamp mills. The dam itself measures 74 ft (23 m) high at its center and extends for a length of 1,006 ft (307 m) across the river. Access to the reservoir was shared by the Atlantic and Baltic mines, which had a common board of directors.</p><br>
<p>The dam operated for several decades, until the mines closed. After that time, the dam was no longer maintained. On Easter morning of 1941, the spillway behind the dam broke, causing a flood. There was little damage to the steel part of the dam, but with the mining operations stopped, the dam owners had the spillway valves opened. However, there were still incidents of overtopping, and the Copper Range Company (successor to Atlantic Mine Company and owner of the dam) had large holes cut in it in 1979 so that it would not retain water. This lowered the level of the reservoir, revealing the earlier timber dam.</p><br>
<p>Ownership of the dam was transferred to Stanton Township in 1992. Fears that the timber dam might fail and Michigan&#39;s Department of Environmental Quality considering the dam a "significant hazard" forced the township to consider renovating the dam in 2001. Five options were proposed for a long-term fix for the dam. These options ranged from repairing the steel and wooden dams for $311,000 to restoring/reconstructing the entire structure for over a million dollars. Stanton Township could not afford to do any of the proposed options, so another option was sought out. A short-term fix was found to make the dam safer. The upper 13 feet of the wooden structure was removed in 2004 to bring the water level down and relieve some of the pressure. A more permanent repair is still needed. A recent study by a team of students from Michigan Technological University determined that both dams are likely to remain safe for the foreseeable future.</p><br>
<h2>Construction information</h2><br>
<p>Steel dams use relatively thin steel plates in contact with the water body, with a framework of steel behind them transmitting the load to the ground. The plates are slanted upwards in the direction of water flow, so that the weight of the water puts compressive forces on the girders holding the plates up. This transmits force to the ground without the bending moment that a vertical wall of plates would engender. It was believed at the time that these dams could be constructed faster and more cheaply than masonry dams.</p><br>
<h2>Geography and site information</h2><br>
<p>Redridge is in Houghton County, one of the more rugged counties in Michigan, and access to the dam site is relatively challenging, although there is a history of Michigan Technological University students making pilgrimages to the site, especially those interested in industrial archaeology.</p><br>
<h2>Historic designations</h2><br>
<p>National Register of Historic Places, listed April 2, 1992</p><br>
<p>Michigan Historic Civil Engineering Landmark, designated in 1985</p><br>
<p>Fruitlands was a utopian agrarian commune established in Harvard, Massachusetts, by Amos Bronson Alcott and Charles Lane in the 1840s and based on transcendentalist principles. An account of its less-than-successful activities can be found in Transcendental Wild Oats by Alcott&#39;s daughter Louisa May Alcott.</p><br>
<p>Lane purchased what was known as the Wyman farm and its 90 acre, which also included a dilapidated house and barn. Residents of Fruitlands ate no animal substances, drank only water, bathed in unheated water, and "no artificial light would prolong dark hours or cost them the brightness of morning." Additionally, property was held communally, and no animal labor was used.</p><br>
<p>The community lasted only seven months. It was dependent on farming, which turned out to be too difficult. The original farmhouse is now a part of Fruitlands Museum, along with other historic buildings from the area.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Amos Bronson Alcott, a teacher and member of the New England Non-Resistance Society, came up with the idea of Fruitlands in 1841. He traveled to England the following year, where he hoped to find support and people to participate with him in the experiment. England was home to his strongest group of supporters, a group of educators who had founded the Alcott House, a school based on his philosophy of teaching. One of his supporters was Charles Lane, who journeyed with him to the United States on October 21, 1842.</p><br>
<p>In May 1843, Lane purchased the 90 acre Wyman Farm in Harvard, Massachusetts, for $1800. Though Alcott had come up with the idea of Fruitlands himself, he was not involved in purchasing the land, largely because he was penniless after the failure of his Temple School and his subsequent years in Concord, Massachusetts, as a farmer. In July, Alcott announced their plans in The Dial: "We have made an arrangement with the proprietor of an estate of about a hundred acres, which liberates this tract from human ownership". They had officially moved to the farm on June 1 and optimistically named it "Fruitlands" despite there being only ten old apple trees on the property.</p><br>
<p>In principle, the Fruitlands reformers did not believe in purchasing property; Lane said the following on the subject: "We do not recognize the purchase of land; but its redemption from the debasing state of proprium, or property, to divine uses, we clearly understand; where those whom the world esteems owners are found yielding their individual rights to the Supreme Owner" The commune attracted 14 residents, including the Alcott and Lane families. By July, the community had succeeded in planting 8 acre of grains, one of vegetables, and one of melons. On July 8, Ralph Waldo Emerson visited along with Ellery Channing. Although he was impressed by the serenity of the site and the idea of hard work, he cautiously recorded, "I will not prejudge them successful... They look well in July. We will see them in December."</p><br>
<p>Alcott and Lane collaborated on a letter which was published in the New York Evening Tribune on September 1 and soon republished elsewhere. In the article, titled "The Consociate Family Life", the duo explained their main purpose was to improve society through "simplicity in diet, plain garments, pure bathing, unsullied dwellings".</p><br>
<p>Fruitlands ultimately failed the winter after it opened, largely due to food shortages and accompanying unrest in the inhabitants. The rigors of a New England winter proved too severe for the members of the Fruitlands.</p><br>
<h2>Philosophy</h2><br>
<p>Many of Alcotts and Lanes ideas were derived from Transcendentalism. They were influenced by the Transcendental ideas of God not as the traditional view from the Bible but as a world spirit. Alcott&#39;s view of Transcendentalism was a sort of religious anarchism, a renunciation of the world to focus on the spirit. The members of Fruitlands believed that spiritual regeneration was linked to physical health, that "outward abstinence is a sign of inward fullness". Though it was based on working together as a community, Fruitlands also hoped for individualistic improvement. Alcott also believed in the perfect intuition of children and, therefore, put a strong emphasis on education and hoped that their innocence would have a rejuvenating effect on elders.</p><br>
<h3>Economy</h3><br>
<p>Fruitlands residents, who called themselves "the consociate family", wished to separate themselves from the world economy by refraining from trade, having no personal property, and not using hired labor. Alcott and Lane believed that the community could achieve complete freedom only by eliminating economic activity altogether. Alcott in particular believed the present economy was evil. To this end, they strove towards self-sufficiency by planning on growing all the food they would need themselves and making only the goods they needed. By accomplishing these two goals, they would eliminate the need to participate in trade or to purchase their food from the outside world. Initially, Bronson Alcott and Lane modeled their ideas about personal property on the Shakers, who held property communally. However, the Shakers were not completely self-sufficient; they traded their hand-made goods for coffee, tea, meat and milk. Bronson Alcott and Lane eliminated the need to trade for these supplies because they eliminated animal products and stimulants from their diets entirely.</p><br>
<p>In the end, the Fruitlands community had no effect on the economy of the outside world; Fruitlands allowed its residents to practice their ideals without forcing them to effect any real change.</p><br>
<h3>Lifestyle and diet</h3><br>
<p>Fruitlands residents began their days with a purging cold-water shower and subsisted on a simple diet containing no stimulants or animal products. They were vegans, excluding even milk and honey from their diets. “Neither coffee, tea, molasses, nor rice tempts us beyond the bounds of indigenous production,” Lane wrote. “No animal substances neither flesh, butter, cheese, eggs, nor milk pollute our tables, nor corrupt our bodies.” Diet was usually fruit and water; many vegetables—including carrots, beets, and potatoes—were forbidden because they showed a lower nature by growing downward. </p><br>
<p>Fruitlands members wore only linen clothes and canvas shoes; cotton fabric was forbidden because it exploited slave labor and wool was banned because it came from sheep. Bronson Alcott and Lane believed that animals should not be exploited for their meat or their labor, so they used no animals for farming. This arose out of two beliefs: that animals were less intelligent than humans and that, therefore, it was the duty of humans to protect them; and that using animals "tainted" their work and food, since animals were not enlightened and therefore unclean. Eventually, as the winter was coming, Alcott and Lane compromised and allowed an ox and a cow.</p><br>
<h2>Residents</h2><br>
<p>There were no formal admission requirements or procedures to join the community at Fruitlands, and there was no official record-keeping of members. Many residents stayed only for a short period of time and most lists are based on the journals of Alcott&#39;s wife Abby May. Residents of the Fruitlands came to be called "consecrated cranks" and followed strict principles and virtues. They strongly believed in the ideas of simplicity, sincerity, and brotherly love.</p><br>
<p>Amos Bronson Alcott – Born in 1799, Bronson Alcott was a prominent educator and Transcendentalist who believed in eliminating corporal punishment, and incorporating field trips, physical education, art and music into the curriculum.</p><br>
<p>Abigail Alcott – Abigail was Bronson Alcott&#39;s wife and also a reformer. She was one of only two women who lived at Fruitlands, and was primarily responsible for taking care of the house and farm, as well as raising her four children.</p><br>
<p>Louisa May Alcott – The Alcotts&#39; second daughter, her short piece Transcendental Wild Oats was written about her experiences at Fruitlands.</p><br>
<p>Charles Lane – Lane met Bronson Alcott in England in 1841, at which time Lane was living at the Alcott House school in Surrey. His strict views on living a "pure" life were ultimately part of what destroyed the Fruitlands community. His son was also a resident of Fruitlands.</p><br>
<p>Joseph Palmer – Palmer joined Fruitlands in August 1843, and stayed through the demise of the commune, later purchasing the farm and founding another utopian society there. He was famous for wearing a full beard, despite social stigma against it; he had even served time in prison for defending his right to wear a beard.</p><br>
<p>Isaac Hecker – Hecker began life as a baker in New York City, but then went through a progression of religious and spiritual explorations. He resided at Brook Farm, another Transcendentalist community, for six months before joining the Fruitlands community. He was initially attracted by the "deeper" spiritual life at Fruitlands compared to Brook Farm, though he only stayed for two months. He later became a Roman Catholic priest.</p><br>
<p>Samuel Larned – Like Hecker, Larned lived briefly at Brook Farm before coming to Fruitlands. He was known for using foul language because he believed that swears said with a pure heart uplifted listeners.</p><br>
<p>Abraham Everett – Also known as Abraham Woods, he changed his name upon his arrival at Fruitlands, to Wood Abram. He had once been committed to an insane asylum before joining Fruitlands.</p><br>
<p>Samuel Bower – Bower lived at Fruitlands for only a few months, after which he left to experiment with nudism, believing that clothes "stifled the spirit".</p><br>
<p>Ann Page – Besides Abby May Alcott, Page was the only adult female member of Fruitlands. Page and Mrs. Alcott were responsible for most of the household chores and often had to take care of the farm as well. Page was eventually kicked out of Fruitlands, supposedly for eating a piece of fish, which was forbidden in the community.</p><br>
<h2>Dissolution and legacy</h2><br>
<p>The biggest challenge at Fruitlands was farming. The community had arrived at the farm a month behind the planting schedule and only about 11 acre of land were arable. The decision not to use animal labor on the farm proved to be the undoing of the commune, combined with the fact that many of the men of the commune spent their days teaching or philosophizing instead of working in the field. Using only their own hands, the Fruitlands residents were incapable of growing a sufficient amount of food to get them through the winter.</p><br>
<p>Fruitlands was also hampered by its structure. Alcott and Lane wielded nearly limitless authority and dictated very strict and repressive models for living. "I am prone to indulge in an occasional hilarity", wrote Alcott&#39;s wife Abby May, "but seem frowned down into still quiet and peace-less order... am almost suffocated in this atmosphere of restriction and form".</p><br>
<p>The Fruitlands experiment ended only seven months after it began. According to Bronson Alcott, the inhabitants left Fruitlands in January 1844; his daughter, Louisa May, wrote that they left in December 1843, which is considered to be the more accurate date. Alcott was deeply dismayed by the failure of Fruitlands and, moving with his family to live with a nearby farmer, refused to eat for several days. Later, Ralph Waldo Emerson helped purchase a home for the family in Concord.</p><br>
<p>Fruitlands had only a brief opportunity to impact America and the Transcendentalist movement. After it had ended, the land was bought by one of its former participants, Joseph Palmer, who for 20 years used the site as a refuge for former reformers. The property was purchased in 1910 by Clara Endicott Sears, who opened the farmhouse to the public in 1914 as a museum. Today, the Fruitlands Museum also includes a museum on Shaker life, an art gallery of nineteenth-century paintings, and a museum of Native American art and crafts.</p><br>
<p>Carters Grove, also known as Carters Grove Plantation, is a 750 acre plantation located on the north shore of the James River in the Grove Community of southeastern James City County in the Virginia Peninsula area of the Hampton Roads region of Virginia in the United States.</p><br>
<p>The plantation was built for Carter Burwell, grandson of Robert "King" Carter, and was completed in 1755. It was probably named for both the prominent and wealthy Carter family and nearby Grove Creek. Carters Grove Plantation was built on the site of an earlier tract known as Martins Hundred which had first been settled by the English colonists around 1620. In 1976, an archaeological project discovered the site of Wolstenholme Towne, a small settlement downstream a few miles from Jamestown which had been developed in the first 15 years of the Colony of Virginia. The population of the settlement was decimated during the Indian Massacre of 1622.</p><br>
<p>After hundreds of years of multiple owners and generations of families, and the death of the last resident in 1964, Carters Grove was added to Colonial Williamsburg Foundations (CW) properties through a gift from the Rockefeller Foundation in 1969.</p><br>
<p>Carters Grove was open to tourists for many years but closed its doors to the public in 2003 while CW redefined its mission and role. Later that year, Hurricane Isabel seriously damaged Carters Grove Country Road, which had linked the estate directly to the Historic Area, a distance of 8 mi, bypassing commercial and public roadways. CW then shifted some of the interpretive programs to locations closer to the main Williamsburg Historic Area and announced in late 2006 that it would be offered for sale under specific restrictive conditions, including a conservation easement.</p><br>
<p>In December 2007, CNET founder Halsey Minor acquired the Georgian style mansion and 476 acre for $15.3 million (~$ in ) and announced plans to use it as his home and for a thoroughbred horse breeding program with the Phipps family. The Virginia Outdoors Foundation and the Virginia Department of Historic Resources co-hold the conservation easement on 400 of the 476 acres. However, Minor never lived at the property and filed for personal bankruptcy in 2013. The Colonial Williamsburg Foundation submitted the only bid at the auction held on May 21, 2014, for the outstanding mortgage amount, and announced that it planned to resell it, with a price increased because of significant costs related to the sale, including over $600,000 (~$ in ) in necessary repairs. Samuel M. Mencoff, a founder of Madison Dearborn Partners, acquired the property later in 2014.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<h3>Wolstenholme Towne</h3><br>
<p>In 1620, Wolstenholme Towne was built on the original land grant on the James River known as Martin&#39;s Hundred (in what is now James City County, Virginia). It was owned by an investment group of the Virginia Company of London but was later abandoned after losing many of its citizens in the Indian Massacre of 1622.</p><br>
<h3>Robert Carter</h3><br>
<p>Robert Carter (1663–1732) aka "King" Carter, was born in Corotoman in Lancaster County, Virginia. Robert was married to Judith Armistead (1665–1699). He bought some of the land that had been Wolstenholme Towne, when his daughter, Elizabeth Carter (1688–1721) married. Robert retained ownership of the property and Elizabeth was entitled to the income produced by the land.</p><br>
<h3>Elizabeth Carter</h3><br>
<p>Elizabeth Carter of Corotoman, Lancaster County, Virginia (1688–1721) was married to Nathaniel Burwell (1680–1721), in 1709. Elizabeth and Nathaniel had a son: Carter Burwell (1716–1777).</p><br>
<h3>Carter Burwell</h3><br>
<p>Carter Burwell (1716–1777) inherited the property from his grandfather, and built the current house on what was by then a 1,400 acre estate. Carter married Lucy Ludwell Grymes (1720-?). Lucy was the daughter of John Grymes (1691–1749) and Lucy Ludwell (1698–1748). Carter and Lucy lived in the completed house for six months before Carter died in 1777. Carter had a son, Nathaniel Burwell (1750–1814), who married Susanna Grymes (1752–1788) on November 28, 1772.</p><br>
<h3>Nathaniel Burwell</h3><br>
<p>Colonel Nathaniel Burwell (1750–1814) moved to Carters Grove in 1771 and raised corn and wheat. Carters Grove remained in the Burwell family until 1838 when it was sold to Thomas Wynne, grandson of John Wynne (1705-1774).</p><br>
<h3>Edwin G. Booth</h3><br>
<p>Edwin Gilliam Booth (1810-1886) bought the Carters Grove property in 1879, two years before Americans celebrated the hundredth anniversary of George Washingtons victory at Yorktown nearby. Booth renovated the mansion and used it to celebrate a reconciliation theme. A "New South" advocate and tireless supporter of railroads and new industry, Booth painted the interior red, white and blue and planted a grove of locust trees on the approach from the land. He also added elaborate porches to the mansions front and rear. A Virginia lawyer, plantation owner and prewar Whig delegate in the Virginia House of Delegates for Nottoway County, Booth Sr. spent much of the war based in Philadelphia with his second wife and providing assistance to Confederate prisoners. Both his sons who reached adulthood had been Confederate officers, Archer Jones Booth dying in 1864. Dr. Edwin G. Booth Jr. (1839-1922) survived the war in part because the Confederate ship on which he was a naval surgeon was captured in the Battle of Mobile Bay. He inherited Carters Grove and after the turn of the century bought the George Wythe house in Williamsburg, where he died. His eldest daughter Lucy married Dr. Hugh Smith Cummings, who served as the fifth USA Surgeon General (1920-1935). The family&#39;s papers are held by the library of the University of Virginia.</p><br>
<h3>T. Percival Bisland</h3><br>
<p>New York businessman and investor in silver mining bought Carter&#39;s Grove in 1907. He rehabilitated the property with the assistance of New York architect William W. Tyree, removing one of the Booth era porches, adding window screens, indoor toilets, central heat and a modern kitchen in a flanking dependency joined to the mansion by an enclosed gallery. However, by the fall of 1910, both he and his wife died, so the property languished under absentee owners.</p><br>
<h3>Archibald McCrea</h3><br>
<p>Archibald McCrea, a Pittsburgh industrialist, bought the dilapidated mansion in 1928. He and his wife, Mary "Mollie" Corling (Johnston) Dunlop McCrea, originally of Petersburg, restored the mansion, and substantially modernized and expanded it under the guidance of Richmond architect Duncan Lee who designed several of the stately homes along Monument Avenue. These renovations significantly changed the appearance of the mansion. As originally built Carter&#39;s Grove had a low hip roof similar to Wilton, the McCreas had the roof raised and added dormer windows for additional rooms on the upper floor which gave the house a roofline similar to the mansion at Westover Plantation.</p><br>
<p>Archibald McCrea died in 1937, but his widow lived on at Carter&#39;s Grove another 25 years. Soon after her death, it was purchased from her estate and transferred to the Colonial Williamsburg Foundation.</p><br>
<h2>Colonial Williamsburg Foundation</h2><br>
<p>From 1969 to 2007, Carter&#39;s Grove was operated by the Colonial Williamsburg Foundation, and was open to the public for most of those years. In the 1970s, archaeological discoveries uncovered the remains of the circa 1620 Wolstenholme Towne fortified settlement on the property (which was substantially wiped out by the Indian Massacre of 1622, and soon thereafter abandoned). Wolstenholme Towne and slave quarters from a later period were partially restored to represent their respective periods during the almost 400-year history of the property.</p><br>
<p>It was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1971.</p><br>
<p>However, while inclusion of a Colonial-era plantation was part of John D. Rockefeller, Jr.s aspirations for Colonial Williamsburg, the practical challenge with Carters Grove was that it did not connect directly with the focus on presenting Revolutionary-era Williamsburg and was unable to attract sufficient audiences. Audience development—the appeal to rising generations—is fundamental to the Foundation.</p><br>
<p>On January 2, 2003, the site was closed to the public to save operating funds saying:</p><br>
<p>The main house at Carter&#39;s Grove is furnished as it was in 1928, and does not fit into the time period of Colonial Williamsburg.</p><br>
<p>Colonial Williamsburg is 7 mi away and few visitors make the journey to the plantation.</p><br>
<p>Closer to the downtown Williamsburg area, Colonial Williamsburg operates the Great Hopes Plantation which can easily be reached by the pedestrian traffic from the restored area.</p><br>
<p>An additional hardship in the physical linking between the Historic Area of Colonial Williamsburg and Carters Grove Plantation was severe weather damage to bucolic Carters Grove Country Road in James City County during Hurricane Isabel later in 2003. The storm destroyed many trees along the paved road, which is located almost entirely on private property, and required much of it to be semi-permanently closed, pending funding for costly repairs. (Since the hurricane, the Carter&#39;s Grove Plantation property continued to be physically accessible by its main entrance on USA Route 60 in Grove, Virginia, although still closed to the public).</p><br>
<p>In 2006, completing a four-year evaluation, CW concluded that the best approach to Carters Grove was to offer it in a fully protected sale. This was to include restrictions to ensure protection of the James River view shed, wetlands and forest, exterior and interior architecture, and archaeological sites on the property as well as prohibit residential and commercial development. On March 31, 2007, Colonial Williamsburg announced that it would be listing Carters Grove with a real estate company based in Charlottesville, Virginia, for $19 million (~$ in ).</p><br>
<h2>2007 and beyond</h2><br>
<p>Colonial Williamsburg put Carter&#39;s Grove up for sale, asking $19 million.</p><br>
<p>On December 19, 2007, it was publicly announced that Carter&#39;s Grove, its Georgian style mansion and 476 acre had been acquired for $15.3 million by CNET founder Halsey Minor, a Virginia native and entrepreneur. Per the press release from the Colonial Williamsburg Foundation the new owner "plans to use the mansion as a private residence and use the site as a center for a thoroughbred horse-breeding program."</p><br>
<p>Colonial Williamsburg did not include the contents of the plantation in the sale. The contents, instead, were sold May 17–18, 2008, by at auction in Portsmouth, New Hampshire.</p><br>
<p>A conservation easement on the mansion and 400 of the 476 acre is co-held by the Virginia Outdoors Foundation and the Virginia Department of Historic Resources.</p><br>
<p>Carters Grove Country Road was never fully restored after the damage from Hurricane Isabel in 2003. The easternmost portion remains part of the Carters Grove proper, subject to land conservation covenants. The portion west to Mounts Bay Road reverted to Kingsmill Properties. The section west of Mounts Bay Road continues to be owned by Colonial Williamsburg.</p><br>
<p>Halsey Minor made no changes to Carters Grove, and he stopped making mortgage payments in 2010, announcing he owed $12 million (~$ in ) in debts. Carters Grove LLC went into bankruptcy and a federal judge appointed Stan Samorajczyk as trustee to make repairs and sell the property. The leaking roof and inoperable environmental control system had caused deterioration. Thus, in 2013 the Colonial Williamsburg Foundation and Virginia Department of Historic Resources supervised repairs by The Roofing & Remodeling Company, including replacing leaky flashing around 40 dormers, six chimneys and eight brick walls, installing new copper flashings in accordance with National Slate Association specifications; replaced flashings on the ridges and hips of the roof, as well as replacing some slates. The Martin&#39;s Hundred artifacts had been feared lost, but were saved.</p><br>
<p>In February 2012 Dominion Virginia Power gave notice that the company planned to construct a 7+ mile, 500 kV Extra-High Voltage transmission line from their Surry Nuclear Power Plant in Surry, Virginia, across the James River to a planned switching station, just east of Carters Grove. The river crossing will be supported on 17 lattice-type transmission towers, four of which will stand 295 above the river surface, nearly as tall as the Statue of Liberty. This has sparked significant opposition from historic preservationists who are concerned that these towers will mar the view from Carters Grove, and the nearby Colonial Parkway.</p><br>
<p>The Calumet Theatre is a historic theatre located at 340 Sixth Street in the town of Calumet, Michigan. It is also known as the Calumet Opera House or the Calumet Civic Auditorium. It is integral to, but a separate unit of, the Calumet municipal building. The structure was designated a Michigan State Historic Site in 1971 and added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1971. It is one of the 21 Heritage Sites which partners with the Keweenaw National Historical Park. The theatre was the original home of, an old-time radio variety show.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The village of Calumet was a prosperous community at the close of the nineteenth century, primarily due to the rich vein of copper mined by the Calumet and Hecla Mining Company, located just south and east of the village. In 1898, the community decided that an opera house was required to serve the people of Calumet. Local architect Charles K. Shand was chosen to design the building, and Chicago interior designer William Eckert developed a crimson, gold, and ivory color scheme for the interior.</p><br>
<p>The theatre opened on March 20, 1900, with the operetta The Highwayman, by Reginald De Koven and Harry B. Smith, on tour from Broadway. The theatre was one of the first municipal theatres in the country. It soon attracted attention from America&#39;s finest actors, actresses, and other theatre greats, such as Frank Morgan (later famous for his roles in The Wizard of Oz), Douglas Fairbanks, Sr., Lon Chaney, Sr., John Philip Sousa, Sarah Bernhardt, and Madame Helena Modjeska among others.</p><br>
<p>As time wore on, the theatre began to lose popularity, due mostly to the decline of the local economy and the increasing popularity of movies. In the late 1920s, the theatre was converted to a motion-picture house, serving in this medium until the 1950s. Summer stock theatre was brought back to the Calumet Theater in 1958, and performed there every summer until 1968, and returned in 1972.</p><br>
<p>In 1975, the auditorium was restored for the centennial of Calumet. In 1988-89, the exterior of the theatre was restored.</p><br>
<p>In 1983, the Calumet Theatre Company was incorporated as a non-profit organization. In 2013, the theater began working on adding an elevator to improve accessibility for the second floor and balcony. The elevator was installed in 2018.</p><br>
<p>Three staff members as well as volunteers help to operate the Theatre. Today, the Calumet Theatre is home to as many as 60 theatre-related events a year, with an estimated 18,000 people attending.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The Calumet Theatre is a two-story Renaissance revival structure constructed from yellowish-brown brick. The building sits on a Jacobsville sandstone foundation, and has a copper roof with copper cornices. A porte-cochere covers one entrance, and a clock tower originally rising to include a bell) stands nearby. An illuminated marquee is at the Sixth Street entrance.</p><br>
<p>The theatre itself originally held 1200 seats. With the closure of the 2nd balcony, and addition of the movie projection booth on the 1st balcony, the Theatre now holds 700 seats and features 5 fantastic murals on the proscenium arch.</p><br>
<h2>Ghost stories</h2><br>
<p>Some of the visitors to the Calumet Theatre hope to catch a glimpse of the reputed ghost of the theatre, Madame Helena Modjeska. The story of the ghost first emerged in 1958, when actress Adysse Lane claimed that the ghost of Madame Modjeska appeared to her during a performance when Lane had forgotten her lines. Since then, unexplainable happenings have occurred. Many people have heard music and felt cold air from nowhere.</p><br>
<p>The Calumet Theatre was featured as a haunted location on the paranormal TV series Most Terrifying Places which aired on the Travel Channel in 2019. The segment showed how the town and the theater are connected to the Italian Hall massacre that killed 73 people on Christmas Eve at the nearby Italian Society Hall in 1913.</p><br>
<p>Charles A. Lindbergh State Park is a 569-acre  Minnesota state park on the outskirts of Little Falls. The park was once the farm of Congressman Charles August Lindbergh and his son Charles Lindbergh, the famous aviator. Their restored 1906 house and two other farm buildings are within the park boundaries. The house, a National Historic Landmark, and an adjacent museum are operated by the Minnesota Historical Society, known as the Charles Lindbergh House and Museum. Three buildings and three structures built by the Works Progress Administration in the 1930s were named to the National Register of Historic Places. These buildings include a picnic shelter and a water tower, built in the Rustic Style from local stone and logs, and have remained relatively unchanged since construction. Although the property includes shoreline on the Mississippi River, the Lindbergh family requested that the park not include intensive use areas for swimming or camping, so development was kept to a minimum.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Charles August Lindbergh, known as C.A., was a prominent lawyer and real estate trader in Little Falls. In March 1901 he married Evangeline Lodge Land, the college-educated descendant of two notable Detroit medical families, who had come to Little Falls the previous autumn as a teacher. She, C.A., and his two daughters from a previous marriage moved to a property, which C.A. had purchased for a dairy farm three years earlier. They had a three-story house built on the bluff overlooking the Mississippi River. A tenants house was built across the road for the farm workers. Charles Augustus Lindbergh was born in 1902, and would be the couples only child. A barn was built later that year, and the farm was populated with cattle, goats, hogs, sheep, chickens, and pigeons as well as cats and dogs.</p><br>
<p>On August 5, 1905, a fire started for unknown reasons on the third floor. The house burned down to its stone foundation, but the Lindberghs and their servants escaped injury and managed to save many of the household items. The Lindberghs had a new house built on the foundation of the first. However it was much smaller, due to C.A.s overextended finances and a growing strain in the marriage. The new house fit awkwardly onto the footprint of the old, necessitating a short hallway with seven doors leading off. The basement, intended as a library for C.A., and the upper floor was never finished. Instead, C.A. entered politics and in 1907 began serving the first of five consecutive terms in the USA House of Representatives. For the next decade the younger Charles spent much of each year in Detroit and Washington, D.C., living only two or three months at the house in Little Falls. However, Charles would credit his time spent on the farm and playing along the Mississippi for his strength and self-reliance. The unfinished upper floor became Charles exclusive play area, and upon hearing an unusually loud engine one day in 1911 he climbed out onto the roof and saw his first airplane.</p><br>
<p>Evangeline&#39;s relationship with C.A. and his daughters worsened, and in 1917 she and Charles moved back into the house year-round. Charles continued sleeping in his bedroom, which was really a screened-in porch, on all but the very coldest winter nights. He began overseeing the farm and was an early adopter of mechanization technology. Charles left in 1920 to attend college and returned only once, in 1923, arriving in his Curtiss JN-4 plane and landing in a field on the west side of the property. In the next two years the barn burned down and C.A. died, and the farm was largely neglected. After Charles Lindbergh became famous in 1927, souvenir seekers frequently broke into the empty house and caused extensive damage.</p><br>
<p>Encouraged by locals hoping to see the house protected, the Lindbergh family donated the 110 acre farm to the state of Minnesota in 1931 as a park in memory of C.A. The family worked with the Minnesota Historical Society to restore the home, and donated many original furnishings. The Works Progress Administration developed the park for recreation. In 1969 the house and its grounds were transferred to the Minnesota Historical Society. In what was to be his final public address, Charles spoke from the porch of his boyhood home at the 1973 grand opening of an adjacent interpretive center. He died the following year. The visitor center initially focused on the three generations of Lindberghs in America, at the request of the spotlight-leery Charles. However, a 2002 remodeling doubled the exhibit space and added more about the aviator himself.</p><br>
<p>In 1989 the WPA developments were listed on the National Register of Historic Places as a 9 acre historic district. The district contains six contributing properties—two buildings (a picnic shelter and latrine), two structures (the water tower and a retaining wall along Pike Creek), and two objects (drinking fountains near the picnic shelter). All were built between 1938 and 1939. They are considered historically significant as examples of New Deal federal work relief and Minnesota&#39;s state park development, and architecturally significant for their National Park Service rustic design. The same picnic shelter design was used in Lake Bemidji State Park.</p><br>
<h2>Park grounds</h2><br>
<p>The land is glacial till deposited between 100,000 and 10,000 years ago. Slate boulders carried in by glaciers from farther north are visible in the bed of Pike Creek. The vegetation remains similar to its pre-settlement composition of pine forest with oak and prairie openings. Damming has raised the water level of the Mississippi substantially from the days when Charles Lindbergh swam in it.</p><br>
<p>The park has a campground with 38 sites, 15 of those with electrical hookups. There is also a group campsite that accommodates up to 30 people, one walk-in campsite, and a canoe-in site along the Mississippi River.</p><br>
<p>James A. Garfield National Historic Site is a United States National Historic Site located in Mentor, Ohio. The site preserves the Lawnfield estate and surrounding property of James A. Garfield, the 20th president of the United States, and includes the first presidential library established in the United States.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>James A. Garfield acquired the home in 1876 to accommodate his large family. During the 1880 presidential election, Garfield conducted what became the first successful front porch campaign from the home, which became known as "Lawnfield" by the reporters covering his campaign. That same year, Garfield had 11 rooms added to the building to accommodate his large family. Garfield was shot four months into his term and died on September 19, 1881. Four years after his assassination, his widow Lucretia Garfield and her family added the Memorial Library wing, setting the precedent for presidential libraries.</p><br>
<p>Garfield purchased the Mentor residence for several reasons. Until this time, he had been a resident of Hiram and represented the 19th Ohio congressional district. The Democratic Ohio Legislature had redistricted and removed the Republican Party counties of Ashtabula, Lake, Geauga, and Trumbull from the district, leaving only the Democratic Party counties of Ashland, Stark and Wayne.</p><br>
<p>Garfield also wanted a place where his sons could learn about farming, as well as a permanent residence where he could spend his summers while Congress was on recess.</p><br>
<p>Lucretia Garfield lived in the house at least part of every year until her death in 1918. Her brother, Joseph Rudolph, lived there until he died in 1934. In 1936, Garfield&#39;s children donated the house and its contents to the Western Reserve Historical Society for use as a museum. On December 28, 1980, the United States Congress declared the Garfield home a National Historic Site.</p><br>
<p>The site was operated by the National Park Service with the Western Reserve Historical Society until January 2008, at which time the WRHS transferred the site&#39;s land, buildings and operation to the National Park Service. the site is managed by Cuyahoga Valley National Park.</p><br>
<h2>Restoration</h2><br>
<p>In the 1990s, a $12.5 million, six-year restoration of the Garfield house took place, with a grand reopening in 1998.</p><br>
<p>The Garfield Historical Site is one of the most accurately restored and highly detailed of the 19th-century USA presidential sites. Of its hundreds of examples of antique Victorian furniture, over 80% was owned by the Garfield family themselves in the 1880s. Many others were acquired or recreated by the National Park Service to supplement the collection. Ten wallpapers were also reproduced from photographs, and from samples found under layers of wallpaper applied through the subsequent decades.</p><br>
<p>St. Stanislaus Kostka Church is an independent Catholic church located in the city of St. Louis, Missouri. Formerly a parish belonging to the Catholic Church, it was established in 1880 to serve the Polish community in the Archdiocese of St. Louis. The parish is maintained and managed by its parishioners as a 5013 not-for-profit corporation.</p><br>
<p>The church building itself is considered to be the best example of the opulent Polish Cathedral style of architecture west of the Mississippi River.</p><br>
<p>The church is notable for a highly publicized dispute over control of the parish and its assets between the churchs lay board of directors and the Archdiocese of St. Louis. In December 2005, Archbishop Raymond Leo Burke declared the parishs board members and its priest, Marek Bozek, excommunicated and announced his intention to disband the parish with the likelihood that the premises would be sold. The parish responded by holding a Midnight Mass on Christmas Eve attended by 1,500 to 2,000 people. The church and the archdiocese settled their legal dispute in 2013.</p><br>
<h2>Church history</h2><br>
<p>In 1878, the Archdiocese of St. Louis authorized the construction of a parish to serve the citys growing Polish Catholic community, which up until then attended St. Patricks at Sixth and Biddle Streets. In 1880, construction began on St. Stanislaus Kostka. The church was built just north of Downtown St. Louis, in a neighborhood that was home to a large number of Polish immigrants. The original church building was built in Romanesque Revival style. It was originally administered by the Franciscans and was the mother church for three other Polish parishes-St. Casimir (1889), St. Hedwig (1904) and Our Lady of Czestochowa (1907).</p><br>
<p>Under a land deed signed by Archbishop Peter Kenrick in 1891, the parish property was assigned to a corporation under a pastor and lay board members to be continually appointed by the archbishop. The founding documents are known collectively as the Deed and Charter & Bylaws of 1891. A new larger edifice, designed by Wessbecher and Hummel, was dedicated in September 1892.</p><br>
<p>In 1928, the church was damaged by a fire that destroyed the center dome of the structure, and almost all of the original interior decoration. The dome was not rebuilt. In 1969, Cardinal Karol Wojtyla, Archbishop of Kraków (later Pope John Paul II), visited the church. The building was listed as a City Landmark in 1976 and added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1979. The church is located on the outskirts of the former site of the infamous Pruitt–Igoe housing complex.</p><br>
<p>The church continued to serve the Polish Catholic community in St. Louis even as the community dispersed from the surrounding neighborhood. By the 1950s it had lost most of its local parishioners, but continued to receive ethnic support. By the 1970s, the parish buildings were severely deteriorating. The parishioners undertook a large-scale restoration of the church building and began acquiring land surrounding the church. Later improvements included the construction of a Polish Heritage Center. By 2005, the church assets included 8 acre of land, and the board of trustees estimated the total value of the parish assets at $9.5 million.</p><br>
<h2>Conflict with archdiocese</h2><br>
<p>The controversy, involving both the control of the physical and financial assets of the parish and the administrative authority of the archbishop, focused on whether those assets would be controlled by a pastor appointed by the archbishop, which is the current canonical norm in the United States, or by a lay board of directors, a practice known as trusteeism. The controversy began under Cardinal John J. Glennon and continued under the late Cardinal Joseph Ritter and his successors, Archbishop John May, Cardinal Justin Rigali, and Archbishop Raymond Leo Burke. Archbishop Robert James Carlson endeavored to find an adequate compromise that would satisfy canon law and all concerned parties, but the breakaway members rejected his proposal.</p><br>
<p>The current structure of the parish derives from one created in 1891. The parish board took the position that the purpose of Burke&#39;s actions was to take control of the assets of the parish primarily for economic reasons. Members noted that the parish had sustained and restored itself without financial assistance from the Archdiocese and claimed that Burke intended to close the parish once he had control of it.</p><br>
<p>The archdiocese, as a rebuttal, alleged that the lay board of directors, in the early 1980s, without permission from then-Archbishop May, changed the original 1891 bylaws, which stipulated that the lay board was to function solely as an advisory body to the pastor and thus under the archbishop (cf. the Plenary Councils of Baltimore). In the bylaws as amended, the authority of the pastor was revoked, putting the lay board in full control of the parish. In response, not long after his appointment, Burke demanded that the structure of the parish once again conform to current canon law norms for the United States. The lay board formally appealed to the Holy See, but that appeal was denied. The archdiocese did not dispute the fact that the deed to the church property itself belongs to the parish corporation and not to the archdiocese. What was disputed instead was the membership of that corporation, and how the members were to be chosen. In interpreting the bylaws on these questions, the District Court ruled against the archdiocese and affirmed St. Stanislaus&#39; ownership of its property and its right to craft bylaws that limit the authority of the Roman Catholic archbishop.</p><br>
<p>In August 2004, Burke removed both priests from the parish and transferred the Polish ministry to St. John the Apostle and Evangelist Church, located across from St. Louis Union Station. When the priests left the parish, they took with them property of the parish, including the hymnals, missals, songbooks, and parish records. In January 2005 Burke threatened the members of the parish board of directors with an interdict if they did not comply with his instructions by February 4, 2005. On February 10, 2005, the lay board had not complied, and the archbishop issued an interdict against the board members, stating that they "knowingly, deliberately and publicly damaged seriously the unity of the Church."</p><br>
<p>As of February 25, 2005, Burke&#39;s reorganization plan for parishes in south St. Louis City permanently changed the personal parish for Polish Catholics in St. Louis to the nearby church of St. Agatha, a move to which was completed on July 1, 2005.</p><br>
<p>In December 2005, the lay board announced plans to hire a priest of the Diocese of Springfield-Cape Girardeau (in southern Missouri), the Rev. Marek B. Bozek, whose bishop, John Joseph Leibrecht, immediately suspended him for leaving his post without permission. In response to the action of the board, on December 16, 2005, Burke declared that Bozek and the lay board members, Dr. Joseph Rudawski, John Baras, William Bialczak, Edward Florek, Stanley Novak, and John Robert Zabielski, were guilty of the ecclesiastical crime, or delict, of schism from the Roman Catholic Church, an offense to which is automatically attached the penalty of excommunication. In a letter to Catholics in the Archdiocese, he warned the faithful that they would be risking grave sin if they knowingly attempted to receive sacraments from a priest who is in formal schism. Burke also announced his intention to suppress the parish. Following this announcement, a sizeable crowd attended the first Mass celebrated by the new pastor, on Christmas Eve 2005. On December 29, 2005, Burke canonically suppressed St. Stanislaus Kostka Parish, since it was operating independently of the Archdiocese of St. Louis.</p><br>
<p>On May 15, 2008, the Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith issued a decree rejecting the recourse filed in March 2006 by the Rev. Bozek and the other excommunicated board members against the decrees of excommunication. This decision on the part of the Vatican ratified the excommunications on the basis of the commission of schism being "evident" on the part of the excommunicated board members.</p><br>
<p>In 2009, Pope Benedict XVI dismissed Bozek from the clerical state.</p><br>
<p>In June 2022, Bozek returned to Poland.</p><br>
<h2>Subsequent developments</h2><br>
<p>The Archdiocese of St. Louis issued the following statement on July 23, 2008:</p><br>
<p>Mrs. Bernice Krauze, Mr. Stanley Rozanski, and Mr. Robert Zabielski, members of the previous Board of Directors of Saint Stanislaus Parish Corporation, met last month (June 10) with Archbishop Raymond L. Burke to be reconciled fully with the Catholic Church. They are once again in full communion with the Roman Catholic Church and are no longer under any censure. Edward Florek was reconciled fully with the Roman Catholic Church in 2008 and is in full communion. He is no longer under any censure.</p><br>
<p>Since then, the three have joined other ex-parishioners of the former Saint Stanislaus Kostka parish in filing a lawsuit against the Saint Stanislaus Parish Corporation. The lawsuit is asking for the corporation to adhere to the 1891 Bylaws, to which the parish and the Archdiocese of St. Louis had agreed. If the lawsuit is successful, the Archdiocese of St. Louis is prepared to appoint a Catholic priest, Rev. Michael Marchlewski, S.J., to Saint Stanislaus as administrator.</p><br>
<p>In 2010 the archdiocese made an offer to settle the lawsuit. The offer would have left control of the property and assets in the congregation but brought the parish back under ecclesiastical control of the archdiocese. However, there was no guarantee the parish would not be closed in the future. The excommunicated priest, Marek Bozek, whose liberal views had become an issue to conservative Archbishop Burke, would have been required to depart. The settlement offer was rejected by a vote of 257 to 185.</p><br>
<p>Under Bozeks leadership, the church, in a decaying St. Louis neighborhood, grew by roughly 500 families, despite approximately 200 families leaving since the beginning of the dispute. Bozeks non-orthodox views include allowing priests to marry and permitting women and homosexuals to be ordained. Transformation of the issues from property to doctrinal concerns alienated some traditional parish members but attracted other new congregants.</p><br>
<p>On March 15, 2012, a St. Louis circuit court judge ruled that control of the church property and assets belonged to St. Stanislaus Parish Corporation, not the archdiocese. Judge Hettenbach wrote in a decision that sided with the parish on all but two of the case&#39;s 12 questions "The archbishop may own the souls of wayward St. Stanislaus parishioners, but the St. Stanislaus Parish Corporation owns its own property".</p><br>
<p>On February 13, 2013, St. Stanislaus Corporation and the Archdiocese of St. Louis issued a joint statement that said:</p><br>
<p>In August 2013, Bishop Wayne Smith of the Episcopal Diocese of Missouri, announced that the diocese and St. Stanislaus had entered into preliminary discussions regarding St. Stanislaus joining the Episcopal Church (United States). It was reported to also be in discussions with the Polish National Catholic Church and other groups regarding possible affiliation.</p><br>
<p>On Friday, August 16, 2019, The Episcopal News Service released the following update in an article by Janis Greenbaum, Director of Communications for the Episcopal Diocese of Missouri.Bishop Smith has notified the Diocesan Standing Committee, Bishop Mike Klusmeyer of West Virginia (liaison to the International Old Catholic Bishops’ Conference), and Presiding Bishop Michael Curry about this possible union. For the affiliation to be official, Bishop Smith would make an application to Presiding Bishop Curry on behalf of St. Stanislaus to request permission for the union.</p><br>
<p>Whether St. Stanislaus officially affiliates with the diocese or not, the parish will be playing a major role in our near future by hosting the ordination and consecration of our 11th bishop on April 25, 2020. The Transition Committee chose their sacred space for the event because of its size, accessibility and inclusiveness to all. The church shares grounds with the Polish Heritage Center, which will host a celebration reception following the service.On Friday, Aug. 16, 2019, The Episcopal News Service updated the article by Janis Greenbaum as follows.After this story was published online, leaders from St. Stanislaus Kostka Polish Catholic Parish announced the congregation had decided not to officially join the Episcopal Diocese of Missouri, citing property rights as a key factor.</p><br>
<p>The National Farmers&#39; Bank of Owatonna, Minnesota, United States, is a historic bank building designed by Louis Sullivan, with decorative elements by George Elmslie.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>It was built in 1908, and was the first of Sullivan&#39;s "jewel box" bank designs. The building is clad in red brick with green terra cotta bands, and features two large arches on its street-facing facades. Single-story wings, originally housing bank offices, extend along each side. Internal elements include two stained-glass windows designed by Louis J. Millet, a mural by Oskar Gross, and four immense cast iron electroliers designed by Elmslie and cast by Winslow Brothers Company.</p><br>
<p>The officers of the National Farmers Bank sought Sullivan out, in part because they wanted a fresh idea of a bank building that would suit their specific needs, and they felt that conventional bank architecture of the time would not meet those. The building Sullivan designed included a farmers exchange room, where its clients might do business with each other, a womens consultation room, a conference room for the bank board, and the presidents office. All of these rooms were richly decorated, with custom furniture.</p><br>
<p>The bank was remodeled in 1940, and many of the interior architectural elements were destroyed. Subsequent work in 1958 and from 1976 to 1981 restored it to its original grandeur. On January 7, 1976, it was recognized as a National Historic Landmark for its architectural significance. The building now houses a branch of the Wells Fargo bank. It is also a contributing property to the Owatonna Commercial Historic District.</p><br>
<p>In 1981 the bank was featured on a block of four stamps paying tribute to american architects.</p><br>
<h2>Images</h2><br>
<p>The Norwood Park Historical District  is a historic district in the Norwood Park neighborhood of Chicago, Illinois. It is bordered by Bryn Mawr, Avondale, and Harlem Avenues, and is home to the Noble-Seymour-Crippen House, which was built in 1833 and is widely considered to be the oldest house in Chicago.  The historic district is also home to Norwood Park Public School, William Howard Taft High School, Norwood Park , Myrtle Park, and Norwood Circle Park. The district was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 2002.</p><br>
<p>The district was first settled in 1833, when Mark Noble Sr. built his house northwest of Chicago, Illinois. However, the area remained sparsely populated when the Chicago and North Western Railway built a station there in 1864. The Norwood Park Land and Building Association (NPLBA) formed in 1868 to purchase 860 acre of farmland with the intention of developing a suburb. The organization was led by Thomas H. Seymour, a broker at the Chicago Board of Trade, and educator John Eberhart. The town was named after the novel Norwood, or Village Life in New England by Henry Ward Beecher; "Park" was added because another Illinois post office already held the Norwood name.</p><br>
<p>The Macy–Colby House is a historically significant saltbox house at 257 Main Street in Amesbury, Massachusetts. It is a historic house museum and has been listed on the National Register of Historic Places since 2008. In addition to its great age, it is notable for its association with Thomas Macy, an early settler of Nantucket and the subject of a poem by John Greenleaf Whittier, and for its long association with the locally significant Colby family.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Macy–Colby House was originally built by Thomas Macy, probably about 1649, and sold to Anthony Colby in 1654. The saltbox structure was extensively modified by Obadiah Colby (1706–1749) in the early 1740s.</p><br>
<p>Thomas Macy was Amesbury&#39;s first town clerk; he held many town offices, and was involved in numerous land transactions. He left Amesbury in 1659 after years of conflict with local Puritan leaders, most notably over giving shelter to Quakers in this house. He became the first European settler to establish his family on the island of Nantucket. Macy became the subject of a poem by the 19th-century poet John Greenleaf Whittier entitled "The Exile", depicting the plight of Quakers in the religiously intolerant Puritan society of colonial Massachusetts.</p><br>
<p>Anthony Colby (1605–1660/61) came to America with the Winthrop fleet in 1630. He first settled in Cambridge, Massachusetts, and was in Salisbury, Massachusetts, by 1640. He was one of the first settlers of the new town of Amesbury in 1650. He was active in town affairs, served in various offices, and was part owner of a local sawmill.</p><br>
<p>Anthony Colby&#39;s descendants owned the Macy–Colby property for 245 years; nine generations of Colbys lived in this house. In 1899, Moses Colby (1822–1901) donated the house and property to the Bartlett Cemetery Association as a memorial to the Colby and Macy families, and to the people of Amesbury, Massachusetts. The property is maintained by the Friends of the Macy–Colby House Association, and is open to the public on Saturdays during the summer.</p><br>
<p>This house dates to ca. 1745 according to the Massachusetts Historical Commission/ Massachusetts Cultural Resources Information System.</p><br>
<p>The Ashfork Bainbridge Steel Dam, the first large steel dam in the world, and one of only three ever built in the United States, was constructed in 1898 by the Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe Railway  to supply water for railway operations near Ash Fork, Arizona. It is named for the town of Ash Fork, and for Francis H. Bainbridge, a civil engineer and graduate of Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute , a member of the Rensselaer Society of Engineers, and an engineer for ATSF. The dam has been listed on the National Register of Historic Places since 1976.</p><br>
<h2>Background</h2><br>
<p>The ATSF and other railroads had to make special provisions for water supply in desert conditions, as non condensing steam locomotives consumed a prodigious amount of water. The usual approach was to construct a dam to retain surface water, or to drill a series of wells, and store the water in a water tank. Railroad communities often grew up around these reservoirs or water stops. Ash Fork had been such a town from when the ATSF first arrived some years earlier although it had been a way point for stagecoach lines previously.</p><br>
<p>Railroads in the USA and elsewhere had been leaders in structural development. The masonry arch bridges and viaducts of the early 19th century had given way to bridges made mostly of steel, with considerable economy of material, construction cost, and time, and Bainbridge speculated that similar savings might be possible for dams. This dam was a significant departure from the more typical masonry construction. Already familiar with the construction of the ATSFs many steel bridges, Bainbridge decided to see whether steel construction could replace masonry in dams as well. The dams light weight and prefabricated components must have made assembly easy relative to the laborious job of quarrying and setting stone.</p><br>
<p>Steel dams use relatively thin steel plates in contact with the water surface, with a framework of steel behind them transmitting the load to the ground. The plates are slanted upwards in the direction of water flow, so that the weight of the water puts compressive forces on the girders holding the plates up. This transmits force to the ground without the bending moment that a vertical wall of plates would engender. It was believed that these dams could be constructed faster and more cheaply than masonry dams.</p><br>
<h2>Location</h2><br>
<p>The dam lies about 3 mi to the east of Ash Fork, in Johnson Canyon, and about 15 mi west of Williams, Arizona. It is near the former USA Route 66 and Interstate 40. About a mile upstream lies Stone Dam, a masonry structure constructed 13 years later. The Grand Canyon Railway originates in Williams, branching from the ATSF main that this dam served, and runs northeast to the Grand Canyon.</p><br>
<h2>Construction details</h2><br>
<p>The dam was fabricated by the Wisconsin Bridge and Iron Company and shipped to the site in pieces for erection. Construction of the dam began in 1897 and was completed March 5, 1898, at a total cost of US$63,519 (equivalent to $ million today).</p><br>
<p>The structure gets its scalloped appearance from 24 curved steel plates that slope downstream. Loose and rigid plates are alternated to compensate for a temperature range from 104 &deg;F to -4 &deg;F. The central steel section is 184 ft long, 46 ft high, and weighs about 460,000 lb. No spillway was provided; instead, the dam was designed to withstand overtopping of 6 ft of water pouring directly over its crest.</p><br>
<p>It holds about 36,000,000 USgal of water when full.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The dam is an Arizona Historic Civil Engineering Landmark. A professional journal wrote in 1902 that Ash Fork Dam "has so many novel features of an experimental character that it is specially interesting and instructive to the engineering profession."</p><br>
<p>In a survey in 1955, George Lamb said "it appears to be in as good condition as if it was just built." It is still in use, unlike the other two steel dams in the United States.</p><br>
<p>The Kaibab National Forest (part of the United States Forest Service holdings) is now the owner of the dam, after acquiring it through a land exchange.</p><br>
<p>It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1976 with a structure ID of #76000373.</p><br>
<p>The Roger Hadfield Ogden Honors College is an academic community at Louisiana State University. Housed in the heritage-listed French House, it was founded in 1992 as the LSU Honors College, and renamed in December 2014. The college primarily admits the top 10% of incoming LSU freshmen, and provides its students with a curriculum of seminar classes, mentoring relationships with faculty, and opportunities for undergraduate research, culminating in the Honors Thesis.</p><br>
<h2>History and setting</h2><br>
<p>Honors education at LSU began in 1967 when professors Charles Bigger and Edward Henderson coordinated and developed a series of team-taught collaborative courses that remain the academic core of the Honors curriculum at LSU. In 1992, the LSU Board of Supervisors approved the transformation of the honors program at the University into the LSU Honors College. Bill Seay served as the Colleges first and only dean until 2003 when Nancy Clark assumed the role. The third and current dean is Dr. Jonathan H. Earle, who joined the university in 2014. The Honors College was initially located in the Old Presidents House on Highland Road. Comprising the French House, the Laville Honors House residence hall, and the 459 Dining Commons, this complete "campus within a campus" distinguishes the Ogden Honors College as one of the few honors institutions in the country with a dedicated campus specifically for the honors student body.</p><br>
<p>In December 2014, LSU announced that they had received a $12 million investment from alumnus Roger Ogden, the largest unrestricted endowed gift in LSU history. Shortly after, the LSU Board of Supervisors approved the renaming of the LSU Honors College in honor of Ogden&#39;s late father and son.</p><br>
<h3>The French House</h3><br>
<p>In 1999, the Honors College moved into the French House, Renaissance-style chateau originally constructed as a center for intensive study of the French language, literature, and culture. A long-anticipated $5 million renovation of the interior of the French House began in December 2014, funded through capital outlay funds allocated by former Louisiana Governor Bobby Jindal. Renovations by Baton Rouge architecture firm Tipton Associates, APAC, were completed in 2016. The 3 acre area was added to the National Register of Historic Places on January 13, 1982.</p><br>
<h3>Laville Honors House</h3><br>
<p>Located near the French House is the Laville Honors House, a residence hall for students enrolled in the College. The Laville Honors House includes an East Hall, West Hall, and central lobby. The East and West wings are mirror images of one another. Plans were approved by the Louisiana Board of Regents in 2008 to add 3,600 ft&sup2; of new space and renovate 110,500 ft&sup2; of existing residence hall space, which included expanding lounges and study space and providing for faculty residence on the first floor. The West Hall renovations were complete in fall 2010. The renovations of the East Hall and addition of a central lobby were completed in April 2012 at a cost of $14 million.</p><br>
<h2>Courses, undergraduate thesis, and awards</h2><br>
<p>There are three different types of Honors courses at the University. Courses offered through the Honors College are designated by the HNRS prefix and include interdisciplinary courses which generally exist as seminar-lecture pairs and feature the history, politics, philosophy, art, languages, and literature of specific civilizations or time periods. These courses are capped at 20 in order to increase student engagement. Ideally, the research that begins in an HNRS class may lead eventually to an Honors Thesis under the direction of the faculty member. Academic departments across campus also offer honors equivalent courses. Students may also choose to "Honors Option" a course by entering into a contract with a professor of an upper level course and fulfilling a set of agreed upon requirements that go beyond the expectations laid out in the course&#39;s syllabus. This modified coursework proposal provides an opportunity for upper-level students to earn Honors credit for a traditional 3000/4000 level LSU course.</p><br>
<p>Students in the College have the opportunity to complete an undergraduate thesis, graduate with College Honors, and earn two different distinctions. Sophomore Honors Distinction is bestowed upon a student who completes 20 hours or more of Honors courses by the end of the second year, maintains a 3.5 cumulative GPA in Honors courses and in all course work, and completes one Honors interdisciplinary course. Upper Division Honors Distinction can be earned by completing Honors work in courses at the 3000 level or above, including three to six hours of research, and by writing and defending an undergraduate thesis in the students main field of study. The Honors Thesis is the capstone achievement of the Honors College curriculum, and completing one is a culminating experience for fourth year students. In the Honors Thesis students answer questions and solve problems in order to demonstrate their mastery by completing a long-term project with an expert faculty member in their chosen discipline. College Honors—a designation that appears on a students diploma—does not require completion of Sophomore Honors Distinction, but does require 32 total hours of Honors credit, 3.5 GPA in overall, LSU, and Honors course work, 6 hours of HNRS (Honors College) credit, Senior Honors Thesis Project, and 12 hours of Honors course credit at the 3000/4000 level, adhering to Upper Division programs where they exist.</p><br>
<p>Since 2005, Ogden Honors students have been awarded with more than 100 national and international fellowships, including 18 Goldwater Scholarships, 10 Truman Scholarships, 36 NSF Graduate Research Fellowships, 17 Critical Language Scholarships, and 4 Udall Scholarships.</p><br>
<h2>Admission and enrollment</h2><br>
<p>Although the College accepts continuing and transfer students, most incoming students enroll as college freshmen. Recommended SAT scores (EBRW+M) and GPA for prospective high school students are 1360 and 3.5 respectively. Students may also have a minimum composite score of 30 on the ACT and should complete the writing component of the SAT or ACT for consideration.</p><br>
<p>Today, the LSU Honors College has a student enrollment of about 2,000. Applications for fall 2006 reached 2,400 by December 15. The Honor College enrollment grew by 33 percent in the fall of 2007.</p><br>
<p>The Burt Henry Covered Bridge, also known as the Henry Covered Bridge or just the Henry Bridge, is a covered bridge that spans the Walloomsac River near Bennington, Vermont. A Town lattice truss bridge, it carries River Road, just south of the village of North Bennington. Originally built about 1840, it was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1973 as Bennington County&#39;s oldest covered bridge. It was rebuilt in 1989 by the Vermont Agency of Transportation.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The Henry Covered Bridge is located on northwestern Bennington, southwest of the village of North Bennington and the campus of Bennington College. It carries River Road across the westward-flowing Walloomsac River, about 0.5 mi west of its junction with Vermont Route 67A. The historic Henry House stands just south of the bridge. The bridge is a single-span Town lattice truss structure, with a total length of 121 ft, and a width of 18.5 ft and a roadway width of 15 ft, sufficient for one modern travel lane. The sides are finished in novelty siding, while the ends are finished horizontal flushboarding, with vertical boarding sheltering the trusses just inside the portal. The siding on the sides does not always extend to the gabled roof, providing light into the structure.</p><br>
<p>The bridge&#39;s original construction date was estimated to be sometime in the 1830s. At one time, an attempt to strengthen the bridge was made by doubling the trusses, so that heavily laden trucks could pass over the bridge; this was deemed ineffective, and the change was eventually reversed. The bridge was completely rebuilt in 1989.</p><br>
<p>The Henry House, also known as William Henry House, is a historic house at 1338 Murphy Road in Bennington, Vermont. Built in 1769 and extensively reworked in 1798, it is one of Vermont&#39;s oldest surviving houses, and an important example of evolutionary architecture in the state during the 18th century. Now a wedding and events venue, it was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1988.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The Henry House is located outside the village of North Bennington, Vermont, on the south side of the Walloomsac River, just south of the Burt Henry Covered Bridge. It is set on 25 acre of meadow, maple and pine. The main block of the house is a -story wood-frame structure, with gabled roof and clapboard siding. Extending to the north and rear are ells, one of which appears to be a porch that was enclosed at a relatively early date. A two-story porch extends across the east side, supported by massive square posts. The interior of the main block has nearly intact finishes, including flooring, woodwork, door hinges and other hardware, although some parts were recycled from other old buildings during a 1930s restoration.</p><br>
<p>The house was built in 1769 for Elnathan Hubbell, and was extensively altered for William Henry about 1797. The Henrys were prominent in the settlement and politics of southwestern Vermont for many years, with Henrys son William Henry representing the state in the United States Congress. The house was built just eight years after settlement began in the area, and is one of the states oldest surviving buildings. The fact that it was altered in the 18th century is also important, as it provides a window into changing construction methods.</p><br>
<p>It was the birthplace of Horace Chapin Henry, an early Seattle businessman.</p><br>
<p>The house is now operated as The Henry House, a wedding and events venue.</p><br>
<p>The Cincinnati Tennis Club was founded in 1880 just five years after tennis was introduced in America, and is today one of the oldest active tennis clubs in the United States.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Stewart Shillito, the son of John Shillito, the founder of the Cincinnati department store, Shillitos, had seen tennis played while on vacation at the fashionable seaside resort of Narragansett Pier, Rhode Island, and in 1878 he decided to build a court at his fathers home on Highland Avenue and Oak Street in the Cincinnati neighborhood of Mt. Auburn.</p><br>
<p>After the first court was built, interest spread rapidly among enthusiastic friends of Shillito, and by 1880, Cincinnati was ready for a tennis club.</p><br>
<p>On December 3, 1880, Edmund H. Pendleton presided over a meeting held at the Burnet House in Cincinnati, the purpose being the organization of a tennis club. A constitution was drawn up and the following officers were nominated and elected: President - Jeptha Garrand; Secretary - Howard S. Winslow; and Treasurer - Albert C. Barney.</p><br>
<p>In one week, 86 players were enrolled as members, and the south wing of Music Hall was leased for indoor play until May 1881, making Cincinnati the site of some of the earliest indoor play in America. The lease on Music Hall was renewed for an additional year, but soon thereafter the decision was made to terminate the agreement. (The story is that the roof leaked, and the club members wanted a discount on the rent because of it.) With the termination of the lease, the era of the nineteenth century indoor tennis ended in Cincinnati.</p><br>
<p>At the time one of the officers of the club, Howard S. Winslow, lived on Oak Street and Reading Road. His father generously made available to the members if the club (CTC) sufficient ground to lay three grass courts at the rear of his property which was adjacent to a lane. The city fathers, seeing growing tennis activity, named the lane Tennis Lane. It continues to bear that name today.</p><br>
<p>The CTC remained at that location through 1885, when it moved, with no explanation, to a new location on Arbigust Street (now called Vernon Place).</p><br>
<p>For the next 13 years the Club occupied two different locations on Vernon Place. During these years the Club grew in terms of membership and activity, and in two of the three years, 1891 and 1893, the club sponsored the Ohio State Adult Championship. Having moved twice in 13 years, the club began looking in 1898 for a more permanent address.</p><br>
<p>Among the members of CTC were John B. Keys and John Scarborough. Each owned tracts of land which they were interested in developing into a subdivision. They both hoped to do the club a favor, and at the same time enhance the value of their holdings by encouraging the club to locate on their property. John Keys offered as a gift 3 acre of land on Bedford Avenue adjoining the new Cincinnati Golf Club. John Scarborough offered the Club what is substantially its present location, not as a gift, but rent free for the first few years. Mr. Scarborough agreed to lay out four courts and build a club house at his own expense.</p><br>
<p>Finally in the spring of 1899, Scarboroughs offer was excepted because Keys property on Bedford was considered "too far out in the country and somewhat inaccessible".</p><br>
<p>Thirty-eight members from Vernon Place along with many new members brought the membership to 186 when the courts were opened. Some of the improvements promised in the Scarborough agreements were not completed until 1900.</p><br>
<p>In the first year at the new location there were four courts, the present courts 1, 2, 9 and 10. In 1904 three more courts were added to the upper tier, the present 6, 7 and 8. In 1925 three courts were added to the lower tier, courts 3, 4 and 5. The original club house was torn down in 1905 and replaced with the present structure in 1906.</p><br>
<h2>The Tri-State Tournament</h2><br>
<p>Between the years of 1903 and 1968, and with the exception of about 10 years, the Club hosted the popular and well-known tournament known as the Tri-State Tennis Tournament. This event attracted many of the best male and female players from around the country and the world, and the tournament was always one of the major events on the major tennis schedule during the Pre-Open Era.</p><br>
<p>In 1904 The Cincinnati Enquirer reported: "Such a number of noted tennis players from cities throughout the United States has been entered that the Tri-State Tournament ranks very high, being surpassed in importance only by the National Lawn Tennis Association Tournament at Newport, R.I."</p><br>
<p>Many great players, both men and women, participated in the tournament. Its list of winners reads like a "Whos Who" of tennis - Nat Emerson, Beals Wright, Bill Tilden, George Lott, Bobby Riggs, Frank Parker, Bill Talbert, Tony Trabert, Barry MacKay, May Sutton, Alice Marble, Pauline Betz, and Dorothy Bundy, to name but a few.</p><br>
<p>This tournament eventually would grow into what is now known as the Western & Southern Open. The tournament, now held in the Cincinnati suburb of Mason, is the oldest tournament in the nation played in its original city.</p><br>
<h2>Nat Emerson and Tony Trabert</h2><br>
<p>The club has had a number of nationally ranked players, the first being Nat Emerson who won the Tri-State Tournament when it was first played in 1899, and was a finalist several times afterward. He was ranked No. 7 in Men&#39;s Singles by the USTA in 1908. Another nationally prominent player in the early years was Reuben A. Holden Jr., who won the NCAA Singles Championship in 1910 while a student at Yale University. It was 41 years later in 1951, when Club member Tony Trabert playing for the University of Cincinnati won the NCAA Singles title. Barry MacKay of Dayton also won the NCAA Singles title in 1957, while at the University of Michigan.</p><br>
<p>Trabert was one of the most prominent players in the modern history of tennis. He played on the United States Davis Cup team and was later the captain. He won the French singles twice, 1954-55 as well as the Wimbledon and USA singles in 1955, making him one of only nine men in tennis history to have won three of the four major titles in a calendar year. He was elected to the International Tennis Hall of Fame in 1970. Court 2 at the tennis club has been dedicated in his honor.</p><br>
<p>Bill Talbert was ranked in the USA Top 10 13 times between 1941 & 1954. He won nine Grand Slam doubles titles, and also reached the men&#39;s doubles finals of the USA National Championship nine times. He also was a Davis Cup player and one of the most successful Davis Cup captains in USA history. He was enshrined into the International Tennis Hall of Fame in 1967 and was in the first class, along with his former protégé Tony Trabert, enshrined into the Cincinnati Tennis Hall of Fame. After his playing career, he was Tournament Director of the US Open. Talbert and Trabert were both coached by Howard Zaeh, as well as many hundreds of others who went on to play around the world.</p><br>
<h2>Davis Cup</h2><br>
<p>Throughout this long period the Club continued to bring world class players and teams to Cincinnati, including a Davis Cup tie in 1952, the first ever to be played here. All this activity did much to further the interest in tennis in Cincinnati and in the Ohio Valley area.</p><br>
<h2>Prominent members</h2><br>
<p>In addition to a number of outstanding players, CTC has had distinguished and prominent citizens in its membership. To name a few, William Howard Taft, 27th President of the United States and later Chief Justice of the Supreme Court; Potter Stewart, Justice of the Supreme court; Neil McElroy, Secretary of Defense in the Eisenhower Administration and President and Chairman of the Procter & Gamble Company. Too numerous to mention are other members who have been leaders in the business community, medical, legal and teaching professions. From 1993 to 1995, member J. Howard "Bumpy" Frazer served as president of the USTA - the first Cincinnatian ever to direct the national organization. Another member, Alvin Bunis, founded the first tennis senior tour—the first senior tour in either tennis or golf.</p><br>
<h2>National Register of Historic Places</h2><br>
<p>CTC has occupied its present site at Dexter and Wold Avenues since 1899, and on March 29, 1983 it was listed on the National Register of Historic Places by the United States Department of Interior for its leadership in the development and advancement of the sport of tennis in the Cincinnati and Ohio Valley Area.</p><br>
<h2>National Father Son Clay Court Championships</h2><br>
<p>Since 1974, the club has played host to the United States Tennis Association&#39;s National Father & Son Clay Court Championships.</p><br>
<h2>Further reading</h2><br>
<p>From Bustles to Shorts, Four Generations at the Cincinnati Tennis Club, by Stanley Lewis</p><br>
<p>From Club Court to Center Court, The Evolution of Professional Tennis in Cincinnati, by Phillip S. Smith</p><br>
<p>The Cincinnati Tennis Club, A Brief History, by Edmund Adams</p><br>
<p>Arlington Antebellum Home & Gardens, or Arlington Historic House, is a former plantation and 6 acre of landscaped gardens near downtown Birmingham, Alabama. The two-story frame structure was built by enslaved people between 1845–50. Its style is antebellum-era Greek Revival architecture. The house serves as a decorative arts museum, featuring a collection of 19th-century furniture, textiles, silver, and paintings. The garden features a restored garden room that is used for special events. The house was added to the National Register of Historic Places on December 2, 1970, as Arlington, and has also been known as the Mudd-Munger House.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The classic Greek revival style architecture of this two-story home was the construction of a settler from Georgia by the name of Stephen Hall in 1822. Hall came to Birmingham to assist in the building process of a new courthouse and jail. He acquired the original seventeen acres of land and began construction of the future Arlington Home and Gardens. In 1840 Hall&#39;s son, Samuel inherited the property, but died two years later, leaving his loved ones with a large debt to pay off. Because of this debt the family was forced to auction off the property for a mere 600 dollars to a man by the name of William S. Mudd. Mudd served over twenty years as a Circuit Court Judge in Elyton until he resigned in 1883. He purchased an adjacent eighty acres and named the site “The Grove”.</p><br>
<p>This property was never a "plantation" in that crops were not produced here. This property was only used as a private residence.</p><br>
<p>In 1846 Mudd married Florence Earle and began building a larger home in place of Halls, which he called The Grove for the numerous old hardwood trees surrounding the house site. Under Mudds orders, enslaved laborers and craftsmen built a grand eight-room mansion in the Greek Revival style. Built between 1845 and 1850 by William S. Mudd in Elyton, the second county seat of Jefferson County, Birmingham, a city that Mudd helped to establish, eventually grew to encompass the former site of Elyton. Arlington is one of the only surviving structures from the time of Elyton and is Birminghams only antebellum mansion. Arlington was used by Union troops during Wilsons Raid in 1865, and was the starting point for the burning of the University of Alabama, which had trained cadets for the Confederacy and was operating a hospital for soldiers.</p><br>
<p>The property went through several owners and in 1902 became the home of Robert S. Munger. Over the next twenty years he made many renovations including adding plumbing and electric lights. He had another structure moved across the street behind the main house which was used for a kitchen, dining room, sun parlor and sleeping quarters. Mr. Munger also had one of the first “motor cars” in Birmingham.</p><br>
<p>In 1953, a citizen&#39;s group and the City of Birmingham raised money to purchase Arlington.</p><br>
<p>The ashes of former Birmingham mayor George G. Siebels, Jr. are interred at Arlington.</p><br>
<p>Buffalo Bill Ranch State Historical Park, known as Scouts Rest Ranch, is a living history state park located west of North Platte, Nebraska. The ranch was established in 1878 with an initial purchase of 160 acres south of the Union Pacific tracks by William  Cody. The 4,000 acre ranch was sold in 1911 and has been under the management of the Nebraska Game and Parks Commission since 1964. The 25 acre historic state park, added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1978 and designated a National Historic Landmark in 2021, is open weekdays from April to October. The house and outbuildings can be toured, including a museum documenting Codys life from a Pony Express rider to his Wild West shows.</p><br>
<h2>Founding of the Cody-North Ranch</h2><br>
<p>In 1877 Cody contacted Major Frank North, the leader of the Pawnee Scouts, who was living in Sidney, Nebraska. Cody founded the Cody-North Partnership with the North brothers to form a cattle business. North found land along the Dismal River, 65 miles north of North Platte, on which cattle could graze and a ranch could be built. Cody continued touring his “Buffalo Bill’s Wild West” show while North purchased cattle at the north end of the Texas cattle trail, near Ogallala, Nebraska. North hired cowboys to help operate the ranch while Cody was on tour.</p><br>
<p>The ranch grew in size to encompass seven thousand acres. 2,500 acres were planted for alfalfa and 2,500 were corn. The Omaha Bee reported on Cody&#39;s ranching operations several times. The Bee described the ranch as one of the most improved farms in Nebraska. In cooperation with Isaac Dillon, a neighboring rancher, Cody and Dillon built a 12-mile irrigation ditch, capable of watering 6,000 acres of crops. This property was financially viable for Cody. By the 1880s, however, other homesteaders had begun to move into this area of Nebraska and had taken grazing land. In 1882 the Cody-North Ranching Operation ended and was bought out by John Bratt.</p><br>
<h2>Founding of Cody Ranch ("Scout&#39;s Rest Ranch")</h2><br>
<p>During the time of owning the Cody-North Ranch, in 1878, Cody began buying land surrounding North Platte. The first purchase of land was 160 acres for $750, south of the Union Pacific tracks that run through North Platte. Cody purchased nearly 4,000 more acres adjacent to North Platte. An eighteen-room mansion on the property which was a treeless prairie. Cody had land in Kansas that had many tall, established trees and wanted trees on his new ranch. Al Goodman, his brother-in-law, discovered why trees would not grow on his new property or the North Platte area. Goodman found issues of water absorption and planted many cottonwoods and box-elder around the property, able to withstand the conditions. The ranch now had many growing trees. This information was shared with the people of North Platte to increase tree population in the area.</p><br>
<p>Louisa (Cody&#39;s wife) and their daughters moved to North Platte in February 1878. They monitored the property, where Cody wanted to retire. Cody showed his new land and brought out family, friends, and celebrities. These guests, along with his family, spent time with the cowboys employed on the ranch. The ranch grew with the help of the Goodmans, who maintained the ranch and managed the high-grade livestock and thoroughbred horses. By 1885, 1,200 acres were planted as corn, 100 acres of alfalfa, 50 of broomcorn, and a small oat field. The ranch was operated with 80 horses and 30 men, rising to 60 men in busy seasons. When the trees grew, the southern portion of the ranch turned into a wooded park with deer, several young buffaloes, and a large lake. This area of land would be called “Scout’s Rest Ranch”. Cody had the words “Scout’s Rest Ranch” painted on the roof of the large barn, so that it could be read from the Union Pacific tracks a mile away.</p><br>
<p>This ranch was revolutionary for the time. Cody imported many blooded cattle and thoroughbred horses at a time when that was not common. The land was transformed from treeless prairie to a forested area. Despite advancements and profitable years, operating costs were high and Cody sold the ranch in 1911 for $100,000.</p><br>
<h2>Modern History</h2><br>
<p>The original two-story house was built in 1886 for Al and Julia Goodman. Al and Julia Goodman are Codys sister and brother-in-law who managed the ranch. This house was built by Patrick Walsh, a native of North Platte, for $3,900. In 1964 the house was purchased by the Nebraska Game and Parks Commission as part of the process for making Scouts Rest Ranch a State Historical Park, Buffalo Bill Ranch State Historical Park. A Lincoln County Historical Society was organized to help raise money for the purchase of Buffalo Bill Cody&#39;s house. The group raised $37,500 and the Nebraska Game and Parks Commission to cover the other $75,000 required for the purchase. Another $90,000 was planned to be spent on restoring the grounds and buildings. Since 1964, the State Historical Park has been open to the public.</p><br>
<h3>Park Information</h3><br>
<p>Map of Scout&#39;s Rest Ranch Historic Buildings</p><br>
<p>The Buffalo Bill Ranch State Historical Park is 25 acres and contains 4 original structures. The structures on the park include the Second Empire style mansion built in 1886 for the Goodmans, listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1978. Other buildings are the cob house, used for storing corncobs that were kindling for the house stoves, the ice house that was built in 1886 along with the main house, and the original barn, built in 1887, used for storing the thoroughbred livestock and has “Scout&#39;s Rest Ranch” painted on the roof.</p><br>
<h3>Flood of 2011</h3><br>
<p>During flooding on the Platte River in the summer of 2011, the site was closed, exhibits moved and berms were built around the buildings. The flooding came close to the compound but was not as severe as expected.</p><br>
<p>The Old Log Post Office, also known as the Franklin Post Office is an historic building located in Franklin, Ohio. Built in 1802, the two-story log cabin is the oldest surviving post office in the state and the oldest building in Franklin.</p><br>
<p>On April 1, 1805, President Thomas Jefferson appointed the first postmaster, John N. C. Schenck. The post office was his home. It was originally at 310 River Street but was moved to its present site near the corner of 5th and River streets in 1974. A portion of the Great Miami River Recreation Trail, a bicycle trail, now passes by the post office.</p><br>
<p>On March 17, 1976, it was added to the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<p>The Blackstone Hotel is a historic 290 ft 21-story hotel on the corner of Michigan Avenue and Balbo Drive in the Michigan Boulevard Historic District in the Loop community area of Chicago, Illinois. Built between 1908 and 1910, it is on the National Register of Historic Places. The Blackstone is famous for hosting celebrity guests, including numerous USA presidents, for which it was known as the "Hotel of Presidents" for much of the 20th century,</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<h3>Early years</h3><br>
<p>The hotel and the adjacent Blackstone Theatre were built on the former site of railroad millionaire Timothy Blackstones mansion in 1908. The owners were brothers John and Tracy Drake, sons of Blackstones former business partner, the hotel magnate John Drake. John and Tracy Drake also developed the luxury Drake Hotel. At the time of the opening, the hotel and theatre were located at the southern edge of the Chicago Theatre District at Michigan Avenue and Hubbard Court (which was first renamed 7th Street and later Balbo Drive).</p><br>
<p>The hotel opened on April 6, 1910. It was named for Timothy Blackstone, a notable Chicago business executive and politician, who served as the founding president of the Union Stock Yards, president of the Chicago and Alton Railroad, and mayor of La Salle, Illinois. It was built from 1908 to 1910 and designed by Marshall and Fox. The original construction was capitalized at $1.5 million (equivalent to $ in ), including a $600,000 to $750,000 bond issue by the Drake Hotel Company.</p><br>
<h3>Later years</h3><br>
<p>In the 1920s, the Drake Hotel Company undertook some financing arrangements which included extending their debt to construct the Drake Hotel. They used the Blackstone Hotel as collateral for one loan in 1927. The Wall Street Crash of 1929 rippled into the hotel industry, leaving the Chicago Title and Trust Company with 30 Chicago hotels in receivership and causing the Drakes to default in 1932. The hotel ended up belonging to Metropolitan Life, which held the mortgage. MetLife leased the Blackstone to hotelier Arnold Kirkeby in 1936, and Kirkeby bought the hotel outright in 1941. Kirkeby sold the hotel to Sheraton Hotels in 1954 and it was renamed the Sheraton-Blackstone Hotel. The hotel endured troubles in the late 1960s, as the neighborhood surrounding it declined, and Sheraton finally sold the property to local hotelier Mark Friedman on September 12, 1973, for $5 million (equivalent to $ in ), and the hotel became the Blackstone Hotel again. In 1995, the Blackstone was sold to the Maharishi Mahesh Yogi. 1995 was also the end of Jazz Showcase&#39;s 14-year run at the hotel.</p><br>
<p>On May 29, 1998, the Blackstone Hotel was designated as a Chicago Landmark. The hotel was added to the National Register of Historic Places on May 8, 1986. It is also a historic district contributing property for the Chicago Landmark Historic Michigan Boulevard District.</p><br>
<h3>Closure</h3><br>
<p>The hotel closed in 2000, after Occupational Safety and Health Administration building inspectors found safety problems during a 1999 inspection. The buildings owner, Heaven on Earth Inns Corp, run by Maharishi Mahesh Yogi, looked into several options before selling the property to Rubloff, Inc., which in 2001 announced plans to convert the building into condominiums priced as high as $8.5 million (equivalent to $ in ). Rubloffs plans were unsuccessful due to financing difficulties and a lackluster market for buyers of Blackstone condominiums. Even two rounds of price cuts were not enough to spur interest in the condo opportunities and Maharishi Mahesh Yogi&#39;s non-profit organization was unable to obtain financing.</p><br>
<h3>Restoration</h3><br>
<p>In 2005, it was announced that the hotel would undergo a $112 million renovation and acquisition ($22 million of the expected $112 million was the cost associated with the acquisition) with a planned opening in 2007 in a deal between Marriott International/Renaissance Hotels and Sage Hospitality, a Denver, Colorado-based company. Sage had been interested in the property long before the condominium conversion was attempted. They eventually were approved for $18 million in tax-increment financing. The final cost of the restoration came to $128 million, of which the city of Chicago provided $13.5 million for street-front improvement, including the restoration and recasting of over 10,000 pieces of decorative terra cotta, and federal historical tax credits because the building is a historical landmark. The Chicago Landmark status necessitated renovation oversight by the Commission on Chicago Landmarks.</p><br>
<p>The newly restored Renaissance Blackstone Hotel and celebrated its grand reopening on April 30, 2008, with a ribbon-cutting ceremony. The other parties involved in the restoration were local architect Lucien Lagrange and hotel interior design, development, and procurement firm Gettys, for design work. James McHugh Construction Co. was responsible for construction. The engineering firm handling the exterior renovation was Illinois-based Wiss, Janney, Elstner Associates, Inc.</p><br>
<p>The restoration resulted in 332 rooms, 12 suites, and 13,230 ft&sup2; of meeting space. The 21-story hotel is now equipped with a health club, a business center, and a street-level cafe with outdoor seating area. As part of the restorations, sconces and chandeliers were restored. Many of the details, such as brass fittings, several of the statues and the original chandeliers, had been sold off. However, Sage was able to repurchase many of them on eBay and refabricate many others. The primary historic facades were fully restored, including the hotel&#39;s ornate terra cotta-clad exterior. All the guest-room floors were reconfigured and dramatically enlarged. Some have described the restoration as "garish".</p><br>
<p>Only two guest rooms were preserved during the restoration: the famous ninth-floor "smoke-filled room" and the original tenth-floor presidential suite. They both retained their original floors, fireplaces, and structural shapes. However, the Presidential Suites famed hidden passage behind the fireplace—which allowed the president to exit through the hotels eastern stairwell unnoticed—has been converted into closet space. Notable features that failed to survive the renovation were a barbershop, which has been converted to a rentable meeting room named "the barbershop", and the theater, which was converted to the Blackstone&#39;s bar and restaurant.</p><br>
<p>On June 7, 2017, The Blackstone was transferred from Marriotts Renaissance Hotels division to their Autograph Hotels division and returned to its historic name, The Blackstone Hotel. The transition included a renovation to update the look of the hotel with a historic meets-contemporary-feel by revitalizing the soft goods of the guest rooms, meeting spaces and lobby. The hotel formerly featured a bar in the lobby called Timothys Hutch, paying homage to the hotel&#39;s namesake, Timothy Blackstone.</p><br>
<h2>Hotel and politics</h2><br>
<p>The Blackstone Hotel has been dubbed "The Hotel of Presidents". It was once considered one of Chicagos finest luxury hotels, and a dozen 20th-century USA presidents have stayed at the hotel. In addition, the Blackstone has also become part of Chicagos history as the city that has hosted more United States presidential nominating conventions (26) than any other two American cities, a history which goes back to the 1860 Republican National Convention hosted at the Wigwam. The hotel has a special room designed for use by presidents which was separated from the rest of the hotel by hollowed out walls in which the Secret Service could operate. In 1920, Warren G. Harding was selected as the Republican candidate for the presidency at the Blackstone. Although the convention was being held at the Chicago Coliseum, a group of Republican leaders met at the Blackstone on the night of June 11 to come to a consensus. When Raymond Clapper of United Press reported on the decision-making process, the reporter stated it had been made "in a smoke-filled room". The phrase entered American political parlance to denote a political process which is not open to scrutiny.</p><br>
<p>In addition, the Blackstone is where Franklin Delano Roosevelts third-term Democratic presidential nomination was forged in 1940, where Harry S. Truman stayed when he received the 1944 Democratic vice presidential nomination and where Dwight D. Eisenhower heard the news of his first-ballot 1952 Republican presidential nomination. In all, guests have included at least 12 USA presidents: Theodore Roosevelt, William Howard Taft, Woodrow Wilson, Warren Harding, Calvin Coolidge, Herbert Hoover, Franklin Roosevelt, Harry Truman, Dwight Eisenhower, John F. Kennedy, Richard Nixon, and Jimmy Carter. During Kennedys visit he was informed of the Cuban Missile Crisis.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>The Blackstone Hotel was designed by architect Benjamin Marshall, of Marshall and Fox, in 1909. Sources vary as to the precise style in which Marshall designed the building. According to the Landmarks Division of the City of Chicagos Department of Planning and Development, the hotels exterior and interior are considered an excellent example of neoclassical Beaux-Arts architecture; the nomination form for the buildings listing on the USA National Register of Historic Places classifies the structure as distinctly Second Empire. However, the two styles are related, and the Blackstone Hotel demonstrates elements from both schools. The design was influenced by Marshalls trip to Paris, after which he completed the hotel.</p><br>
<p>The Blackstone is a 22-floor rectangular structure and its structural steel frame is cased in tile and plaster fireproofing. On the exterior south and east (front) elevations is a one-story base of pink granite, Above the granite base are four stories of white, glazed terra cotta. The large windows of the second and third floor, which once poured natural light into the lobby, ballroom, and restaurants, had mostly been covered for the Mayfair Theatre which was the home of the Chicago production of Shear Madness for 17 years from September 22, 1982, to November 11, 1999. The majority of the building rises as a 12-story shaft of red brick dotted with white, terra cotta window surrounds; above this section is a belt course of terra cotta and two stories of red brick. Above this, the original design included an intermediate terra cotta cornice topped by a cast-iron railing. This has been removed and replaced with red brick and white glazed brick, flush with the rest of the building. The mansard roof was originally decorated with small spires around the perimeter, and 2 very tall flagpoles.</p><br>
<h2>In popular culture</h2><br>
<p>In addition to its celebrity guests and its contributions to political parlance, the Blackstone has a place in popular culture. Among its uses in cinema, it hosted the banquet where Al Capone smashes a guests head with a baseball bat in the Brian De Palma film The Untouchables, a party in The Hudsucker Proxy, and Tom Cruises pre-pool tourney stay in The Color of Money.</p><br>
<p>The hotel is referenced as part of a major plot point in the play Cat on a Hot Tin Roof by Tennessee Williams and the accompanying film.</p><br>
<p>The Rogers–Post Site, located on the North Slope of the USA state of Alaska, is the location of a plane crash that killed humorist Will Rogers and aviator Wiley Post on August 15, 1935, during an aerial tour of Alaska. It is about 11 mi southwest of Utqiaġvik, on the north side of Walakpa Bay near the mouth of the Walakpa River. The flight was described by the Associated Press as prelude to a planned Trans-Siberian flight to Moscow. The pair were flying from Fairbanks to Barrow  when they encountered fog and low visibility. Locating a hole in the fog at Walakpa Bay, they landed. They spent some time with a small party of Alaska Natives and received directions for the short distance remaining to Barrow. They were barely airborne, around 50 ft, when the motor failed. The aircraft plummeted into the lagoon and overturned. It was the first fatal air accident near the city of Utqiaġvik.</p><br>
<p>The first monument at the site was dedicated three years after the crash and financed through nationwide public subscription. It was designed in Oklahoma, home of both Rogers and Post, and built from poured concrete. The design was essentially two cubes, the smaller atop the larger, with a pink granite memorial marker quarried near the Rogers family home in Claremore, Oklahoma. The elaborate dedication ceremonies involved a four-way CBS radio broadcast from Barrow, the United States Capitol, the Oklahoma State Capitol, and the Texas State Capitol.</p><br>
<p>The second monument, built 15 years later, is a concrete obelisk consisting of four diminishing rectangular blocks, and is more slender and almost 10 feet (3 m) taller than the first monument. It was built by then 72-year-old Jesse Stubbs (November 30, 1879 – March 14, 1960), who claimed to be a childhood friend of Rogers and arrived in Anchorage in summer 1953 intending to walk from there to Barrow, only getting as far as Fairbanks where he, and his dog Quacco, caught a plane flight for the remainder of the journey. The Stubbs monument memorializes not only Rogers and Post, but also the Alaskan veterans of World War II. Both monuments overlooked the lagoon crash site.</p><br>
<p>Photos from the summer of 2017 show only the original monument still standing. The Stubbs monument was relocated to Barrow in 2016 after its location was threatened by coastal erosion. Another memorial had been previously dedicated in Barrow on August 15, 1982.</p><br>
<p>The site was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1980.</p><br>
<p>Oriskany Battlefield State Historic Site is a historic site in Oneida County, New York, United States that marks the Battle of Oriskany, fought in 1777 during the American Revolution, one of the bloodiest engagements of the war.</p><br>
<p>The park is northwest of the Village of Oriskany on NY Route 69 and is southeast of the City of Rome. An obelisk, with plaques at the base commemorating the battle and its participants, is the central feature of the site.</p><br>
<p>The battlefield is on the south side of the Mohawk River. The terrain consists of small rises, divided by ravines, above Mohawk River bottomlands.</p><br>
<h2>Battle</h2><br>
<p>Patriot militia General Nicholas Herkimer, leading a relief column to the besieged Fort Stanwix, was ambushed in a ravine by Iroquois chief Joseph Brant, leading a mixed group of Iroquois and Tories. Herkimer had his ambushed militia fight in pairs behind cover. One militiaman fired, while he was reloading the other militiaman covered him. This tactic was effective due to the Iroquois warriors tactics of charging the enemy after they fired. After sustaining high casualties in the number of native War Chiefs, and a heavy downpour the British forces withdrew, leaving the Tryon County militia in possession of the field. The occupants at the fort used the reduction in the force before them as an opportunity to sally out and sack the British camp. Herkimer died of his wounds days later. Oriskany is known as the bloodiest battle of the American Revolution. In respects to the number of combatants, casualties sustained and the fact that many of the combatants had friends and relatives on the opposing side. See Battle of Oriskany for more details.</p><br>
<h2>Commemoration</h2><br>
<p>A monument at the site stands above a small rise that many of the ambushed Americans found their way to, and where Herkimer, wounded, rallied and directed the American forces. Plaques on the monument depict Herkimer and list many of the American participants in the battle.</p><br>
<p>The monument was dedicated in 1884.</p><br>
<p>The site was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1962.</p><br>
<p>It is a New York State Historic Site.</p><br>
<h2>Activities and services</h2><br>
<p>Visitor center and museum, scenic views, picnic area, hiking, tours, and re-enactments.</p><br>
<p>The Gaylord Building, constructed in 1838 in the downtown historic district of Lockport, Illinois, and on the canalside there, played a pivotal role in the construction of the Illinois and Michigan Canal. It is on the United States National Register of Historic Places, and is one of 29 Historic Sites of the National Trust for Historic Preservation. It is constructed of yellow limestone, a common construction material in north central Illinois. It has an Italianate three story addition added in 1859. After falling into disrepair, it was the focus of a concerted restoration and preservation effort that began in 1983, which was later noted as setting a model for such efforts.</p><br>
<h2>Background and construction</h2><br>
<p>The Illinois and Michigan Canal, begun in 1836 and finished in 1848, and spanning 96 miles (154 km), was the last link in a waterway connecting the Great Lakes, the Gulf of Mexico via the Port of New Orleans and the Atlantic Ocean via the Port of New York. Lockport, situated about 1/3 of the way from the starting point (the Bridgeport neighborhood in Chicago on the Chicago River) and the end point (LaSalle, Illinois on the Illinois River), was a natural location for canal planning, staging and warehousing operations. The I&M canal headquarters were thus in Lockport.</p><br>
<p>Little progress on canal construction was made during the first two years, due to difficulties in securing supplies and manpower, most of which had to be brought from the East Coast. In the 1830s, this far west, most areas, even a few miles out from major settlements such as Chicago, were essentially wilderness, and Lockport had no warehouse</p><br>
<p>large enough to house all the materials shipped in to foster canal construction, so the canal authorities decided to build one. There was some controversy at the time over the use of state funds to pay for it.</p><br>
<p>The choice of material used, given the frontier nature of the town, was surprising to some. However this area of Illinois has large deposits of yellow limestone, in some cases just below the surface. Some sources say the building uses some stone taken directly from the canal excavation.</p><br>
<p>The building was constructed between May and September 1838 under the supervision of acting Canal Commissioner Jacob Fry at a cost of USD $4,014.29, a substantial sum at the time. Use of yellow limestone may have started a trend.</p><br>
<h2>Warehouse</h2><br>
<p>On completion of the canal in 1848 the building was surplus to requirements, so the Canal Board of Trustees briefly rented, and then sold, the building. It passed through a number of owners, but was owned for a long period in the mid-19th century by George Gaylord (1820–1883), a prominent Lockport merchant,Canal Corridor site, Gaylord history: " Gaylord had been in business long before he came to the building that now bears his name. Like many who rose to prominence in Illinois in the 19th century, George Gaylord had roots in the east. Born in White Hall, New York, Gaylord came to Illinois in 1839, finally settling in Lockport in 1847. Gaylord engaged in a variety of work, including farm laborer, school teacher and blacksmith before he and a partner (Dennis Smith), opened up a dry goods store in 1847. (Smith retired in the fall of 1849.)</p><br>
<p>During the Civil War Gaylord went into the grain business in a big way, handling up to 400,000 bushels a year. According to one account, he was the first in Lockport to buy grain at legal weights, eventually convincing others to do the same. For a time Gaylord also owned Oak Hill Quarry just south of Lockport.</p><br>
<p>In 1878 Gaylord bought the building from George B. Martin, the man behind the 1859 storefront addition." Shortly after Gaylord&#39;s death Norton & Company, who owned other properties in Lockport, bought the building for $7,500. The many warehouses in Lockport were quite busy.</p><br>
<p>The 1859 addition was in a significantly different style. The property continued to change hands, going through many uses, as a warehouse, machine shop, foundry, printing facility, and finally (with an addition of a third story on the original section) a plumbing supply warehouse.</p><br>
<h2>Restoration</h2><br>
<p>In 1983 Gaylord Donnelley, George Gaylords multimillionaire grandson and the retired chairman of Chicagos R. R. Donnelley & Sons publishing house, became interested in the building (reportedly on the urging of his niece). He formed a private development company, The Gaylord Lockport Company, named for Donnelley&#39;s grandfather, and spent four years and $2.8 million restoring the derelict building to its former beauty, including removing the third story and restoring the roofline as it was in 1859.</p><br>
<p>At the same time, impetus was growing for the creation of a Heritage Corridor to document, preserve and interpret the I&M Canal, and in 1984 President Ronald Reagan signed the legislation to create it. In 1987 the building opened to the public, featuring the Public Landing restaurant and a museum featuring canal exhibits. Reagan recognized the Gaylord Building and the project by personally presenting Mr. Donnelley with a President&#39;s Award for Historic Preservation, and the project and became a model for preserving historic sites for new uses.</p><br>
<h2>Management and location</h2><br>
<p>The National Trust for Historic Preservation owns the Gaylord Building and the Gaylord Building Historic Site, a nonprofit organization, manages it as part of the Lockport National Historic District</p><br>
<p>. The building is a hub of canal exhibits, tours and programs. Enjoy a curated collection of local, national, and international art in located on the second floor of the Gaylord Building, followed by upscale casual dining in the or on the Gaylord Building’s patio. The canal trail runs past the building along the old canal towpath, and it leads visitors to other parts of historic downtown Lockport, including the Norton Building, home to the Illinois State Museum Lockport Gallery.</p><br>
<p>Camden State Park is a state park on the Redwood River in southwestern Minnesota near Marshall. It is used for picnics, camping, hiking, and other outdoor recreation.</p><br>
<p>The park, originally known as Camden Woods, was acquired in 1934, and development started in 1935 with workers from the Veterans Conservation Corps, an offshoot of the Civilian Conservation Corps. The landscape design in the park was planned by the National Park Service, and the master-planned development allowed the Redwood River to determine the placement of various functional areas in the park. After the VCC finished their development in 1936, the Works Progress Administration dismantled the VCC camp buildings and built the Swimming Instructor&#39;s Cabin and the Ice and Wood House. Thirteen buildings and structures, built by the VCC and the WPA, are listed on the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<p>A 1971 study by the Minnesota Academy of Science and The Nature Conservancy found that Camden State Park contained one of the westernmost natural occurrences of the sugar maple in North America.</p><br>
<p>In the 1980s, the park began a prairie restoration project. The original sites were two acres or less in size, and contained about 35 grasses and wildflowers. The prairie plants have been maintained and expanded, in part through the use of controlled burns.</p><br>
<h2>Species</h2><br>
<p>The Elbe Evangelical Lutheran Church  is a small church in Elbe, Pierce County, Washington, USA. The church has been listed by sources, including Ripleys Believe It or Not!, as the worlds smallest functional church.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>1888: Carl “Charles” Elbe Lutkens (1869-1950) & Adams Sachs (1858-1921) homesteaded Elbe along the Nisqually River. They named the town after the Elbe River in Hamburg, Germany from where Lutkens had emigrated.</p><br>
<p>1891: Heinrich “Henry” C. Lutkens (1832-1919), his wife Christine Böttcher Lutkens (1848-1933) & their other children settled in Elbe.</p><br>
<p>1892: The Elbe Post Office was established.</p><br>
<p>1893: Pastor Dr. Lewis Herman Schuh (1858-1936; of Tacoma’s German Evangelical Trinity Church) traveled to Elbe to organize the Elbe Evangelical Lutheran Church congregation & to hold its first services in the Elbe Town Hall.</p><br>
<p>1895-1905: Pastor J. F. Oertel (of Puyallup) led worship services in homes in Elbe.</p><br>
<p>1903: Sachs platted the town of Elbe.</p><br>
<p>1904: The Tacoma Eastern Railroad reached Elbe. H. Lutkens donated the land for its depot.</p><br>
<p>1904-1905: H. Lutkens platted additions to the town of Elbe</p><br>
<p>1906: It was built 24’ long x 18’ wide. Its 44’ tall steeple (housing a railroad locomotive bell) is topped with a 4’ tall iron cross. H. Lutkens donated the land & lumber for its construction; and served as a deacon. Pastor Karl Kilian (1869-1945) designed, built & dedicated it; and then was its first pastor.</p><br>
<p>1926: The Mountain Highway (Highway 7) was paved from Tacoma to Mt. Rainier National Park’s Nisqually entrance.</p><br>
<p>1930: Services in German ended.</p><br>
<p>1933: Kilian retired after being its pastor for 27 years.</p><br>
<p>1944: Lake Alder was formed behind it when the Alder Dam was completed on the Nisqually River.</p><br>
<p>1973: Rev. Dr. Ervin E. Krebs (of Tacoma) reinstituted monthly worship services.</p><br>
<p>Oct 8, 1976: It was placed on the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<p>July 1, 1984: Bishop Clifford Rolf Lunde (1930-1987) became it honorary pastor; it therefore became a cathedral (the seat of the bishop); and its “pfaarhaus” (fellowship house) was dedicated next door.</p><br>
<p>2015-2021: Pastor Margaret O’Neal served as its most recent pastor.</p><br>
<p>The Taft Museum of Art is a fine art collection in Cincinnati, Ohio. It occupies the 200-year-old historic house at 316 Pike Street. The house – the oldest domestic wooden structure in downtown Cincinnati – was built about 1820 and housed several prominent Cincinnatians, including Martin Baum, Nicholas Longworth, David Sinton, Anna Sinton Taft and Charles Phelps Taft. It is on the National Register of Historic Places listings, and is a contributing property to the Lytle Park Historic District.</p><br>
<h2>Residents</h2><br>
<p>The Taft house was first built for Martin Baum in 1820 and then was the residence of Nicholas Longworth. The building was designated a National Historic Landmark in 1976, in honor of the murals on its walls that were painted by Robert S. Duncanson under the commission of Nicholas Longworth. Robert S. Duncanson painted the series of eight large-scale landscapes directly on the plaster walls of the art patron and horticulturist Nicholas Longworths home between 1851 and 1852. Second to the Taft house itself, the murals – recognized as the most significant pre–Civil War domestic murals in the USA – are one of the museums largest pieces of art. Duncanson was also the first widely known African-American landscape painters to rise to international acclaim.</p><br>
<p>After Longworths residency, the house was purchased by David Sinton, father of museum co-founder Anna Sinton Taft. David Sinton lived in the house with his daughter Anna, who married Charles Phelps Taft, the half-brother of President William Howard Taft. The Tafts lived in the house from 1873 until their respective deaths in 1931 and 1929. William H. Taft accepted his presidential nomination there from its portico in 1908 adding to its significance in the nations public life. The Tafts were avid art collectors. They bequeathed their home and the collection of art that filled it to the people of Cincinnati in 1927. In the Tafts&#39; deed of gift they stated, "We desire to devote our collection of pictures, porcelains, and other works of art to the people of Cincinnati in such a manner that they may be readily available for all." The Taft Museum opened to the public on November 29, 1932.</p><br>
<h2>Permanent collection</h2><br>
<p>The museum&#39;s collections include European old master paintings, with works by Jean-Baptiste-Camille Corot, Thomas Gainsborough, Frans Hals, Jean Auguste Dominique Ingres, Rembrandt van Rijn, Adriaen van Ostade, and J. M. W. Turner, among others, and 19th-century American paintings, including the well-known Duncanson murals. The galleries in the historic house also include Chinese porcelains, European decorative arts, Limoges enamels, watches, sculptures, and furniture.</p><br>
<p>Collection highlights include:</p><br>
<p>Joaquin Sorolla, Portrait of Mr. Taft, President of the United States, 1909.</p><br>
<p>Frank Duveneck, The Cobbler&#39;s Apprentice, 1877.</p><br>
<p>Henry Farny, Song of the Talking Wire, 1904.</p><br>
<p>Rembrandt van Rijn, Portrait of a Man Rising from His Chair, 1633.</p><br>
<p>J. M. W. Turner, Europa and the Bull, ca. 1840–50.</p><br>
<p>James Abbott McNeill Whistler, At the Piano, 1858–59.</p><br>
<p>Anonymous author of the 13th century, Virgin and Child, from Paris, Abbey of Saint-Denis, ca. 1260–80.</p><br>
<p>Olivuccio di Ciccarello, Madonna nursing the Child with Saints.</p><br>
<p>Frans Hals, Portrait of Seated Man Holding Hat.</p><br>
<p>Gerard Terborch, Sleeping Soldier.</p><br>
<p>Jeronymus Van Diest, Sailboats On River with Fisherman.</p><br>
<p>Corot, Evening:Festival of Pan.</p><br>
<p>Charles Daubigny, Evening on Oise.</p><br>
<p>An appreciable collection of Limoges enamel paintings.</p><br>
<p>The museum reopened in May 2004 after an extensive renovation and expansion including a museum shop, the Carl H. Lindner Family Café, and a lecture and performance space, Luther Hall.</p><br>
<p>Fort Gorges is a former United States military fort built on Hog Island Ledge in Casco Bay, Maine, United States. Built from 1858 to 1864, no battles were fought there and no troops were stationed there. Advancing military technology, including iron clad ships and long range guns, rendered the fort obsolete before it could be used. The fort is now a park, accessible only by boat. It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1973.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Following the War of 1812, the United States Army Corps of Engineers proposed that a fort be built on Hog Island Ledge, in Casco Bay at the entrance to the harbor at Portland, Maine. It was part of the third system of US fortifications. Named for the colonial proprietor of Maine, Sir Ferdinando Gorges, it was constructed to support existing forts, including Fort Preble in South Portland and Fort Scammel built on nearby House Island in 1808. Congress, however, did not fund construction of Fort Gorges until 1857. The walls of the fort were begun the next year, and when the American Civil War broke out in 1861, work quickly advanced.</p><br>
<p>The fort was designed by Colonel Reuben Staples Smart. The chief architect in charge of construction was Thomas Lincoln Casey, who later became Chief of Engineers. It is similar in size and construction to Fort Sumter, but is built of granite instead of brick.</p><br>
<p>The fort was completed in 1865 as the war ended. Modern explosives made the fort obsolete by the time it was completed. A modernization plan was begun in 1869, but funding was cut off in 1876, with the third level of the fort still unfinished. During the modernization project, sod-covered sand was added to the top level of the fort to protect gun encasements and powder magazines from attacks.</p><br>
<p>The Forts armament consisted of thirty-four 10-inch Rodman guns mounted in the forts casemates. In 1898, all guns were removed from the fort except a large 300-pounder (10 in) Parrott rifle which was on the top of the fort but not mounted. The 300-pounder Parrott rifle still remains in place and is one of the largest surviving specimens of Civil War vintage artillery.</p><br>
<p>The fort was last used by the Army during World War II, when it was used to store submarine mines.</p><br>
<p>It was acquired by the city of Portland in 1960 and placed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1973. It is now open to the public as a park, and is accessible only by private boat or hired water taxi. Visitors are recommended to carry a flashlight to enter the powder magazines. The fort is in need of restoration.</p><br>
<p>In 1983, the Maine State Legislature passed a law guaranteeing the state the right of first refusal in any future sale of Fort Gorges by the city of Portland.</p><br>
<p>Friends of Fort Gorges initiated a $250,000 fundraising campaign for money to make critical repairs to the facility in the Summer of 2019. Another $250,000 would come from the City of Portland. In 2021, the island&#39;s first city-permitted event took place and 49 people visited the island for a fundraiser while others watched online because of COVID-19 restrictions. Previously, Portland developer Mike Dugay proposed converting the location into a commercial space to include a bed and breakfast, restaurant, and brewery.</p><br>
<p>United Office Building, now known as The Giacomo, is a historic Mayan Revival, a subset of art deco, skyscraper in Niagara Falls, New York, US.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The United Office Building was designed by architect James A. Johnson of Esenwein & Johnson, one of the most successful architectural firms in Buffalo at the time. It was built by Frank A. Dudley, president of the United Hotels Company of America (later United Hotels of America), and completed in 1929 on the eve of the Great Depression. The building is one of the most important landmarks in downtown Niagara Falls. It is constructed of steel and brick with a terra-cotta facade. The building&#39;s Mayan Revival art deco elements of sculpture and pressed terra-cotta brick draw inspiration from the iconography of pre-Columbian Mesoamerican cultures.</p><br>
<p>The upper five stories of the building include two floors of approximately 3,000 square feet and three top floors of approximately 1,000 square feet each, which were constructed to house mechanical and elevator equipment.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The United Office Building, at 20 stories, was the tallest building in Niagara Falls until 2005, when it was surpassed in height by the nearby Seneca Niagara Casino and Hotel. The top floors have views of the American and Horseshoe Falls of Niagara Falls.</p><br>
<h3>Renovation</h3><br>
<p>The building was abandoned in the 1980s and was vacant for over 25 years.</p><br>
<p>In 2004, the USA Niagara Development Corporation, a subsidiary to the States Economic Development Agency, purchased the building for one dollar. Carl Paladinos Ellicott Development Co. undertook extensive renovations of the building, totaling $10 million. In 2010, after the renovation, the building was renamed The Giacomo Hotel and Residences, and now houses 17 apartments, office space, and a 49-room hotel, the Giacomo.</p><br>
<p>The building was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2006.</p><br>
<p>White House Farm, also known as White House Tavern and the Dr. John McCormick House, listed in the National Register of Historic Places, is located in Jefferson County, West Virginia, near the small town of Summit Point, about six miles from Charles Town, West Virginia. The farm consists of a ca. 1740 farmhouse, a stone barn , a springhouse of about the same age, a wooden curing shed, and 60+ acres of pasture and woods. The farm is one of the oldest in the county and has a rich history.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>In May 1740, Dr. John McCormick, a Scots-Irish immigrant, purchased 395 acre from Jost Hite, a German land developer who had obtained 30,000 acres (120 km) from John and Isaac Van Metre. By 1742, Dr. McCormick had built a three-story stone farmhouse. He was a prosperous and prominent country doctor, as evidenced by the inventory of his estate completed upon his death in 1768. He and his wife Ann had six sons (James, Francis, John Jr., William, George, and Andrew) and two daughters (Mary, wife of Magnus Tate, and Jean, wife of James Byrn). George Washington completed a survey of McCormicks land in 1752 and James McCormick served as the chain carrier and John Jr. as the pilot on several of George Washingtons early surveys. White House Farm was noted for the horses bred there during Dr. McCormick&#39;s lifetime.</p><br>
<p>Upon Dr. McCormicks death in 1768, the farm was bequeathed to his youngest son, Andrew. During the Revolutionary War, Andrew and his wife Nancy provided food, lodging, and horses to Washingtons troops. After the war, Andrew apparently operated an inn on the farm, for he paid for an "ordinary" license on February 18, 1794. For such an endeavor, the site benefited from its location on the most direct route between Frederick, Maryland and Winchester, Virginia.</p><br>
<p>On September 9, 1807, Andrew sold the farm to John Locke and Johns brother George managed the ordinary, which had become known as White House Tavern. By 1845, Eleanor Locke, Johns daughter, was living in the house with her husband, Joseph Morrow, a farmer who also operated a blacksmith shop across the road near the springhouse during the Civil War. During the Civil War, Major Harry Gilmor, Confederate States Army and his men were attacked by a group of Union soldiers led by Captain George Somers as the Confederates were resting in front of the house. Major Gilmor shot and killed Captain Somers as his men took cover behind the barn. The house was renovated in the late 1800s by the Morrows and subsequent owners added a few rooms.</p><br>
<p>Between 1929 and 1940 the farm was owned by Luther and Lelia Naylor, who converted the stone stable into a milking barn and constructed a silo. The black and white photograph shows the house as it appeared in the 1930s. This dairy operation continued until about 1950 when Col. and Mrs. Edward Blake purchased the property, which was passed on to John and Alice Blake Van Tol in 1974.</p><br>
<p>Long Grass Plantation is a historic house and national historic district located along what was the Roanoke River basin. In the 1950s most of it was flooded and became the Buggs Island Lake/John H. Kerr Reservoir in Mecklenburg County, Virginia. The house was built circa 1800 by George Tarry on land belonging to his father, Samuel Tarry, and Long Grass Plantation encompassed approximately 2000 acres .</p><br>
<p>Today, most of the land once belonging to the plantation is submerged and is owned by the US Army Corps of Engineers. Only 27 +/- acres of privately owned land make up the grounds of Long Grass plantation. The property was listed on the Virginia Landmarks Registry and the National Register of Historic Places on July 21, 1995.</p><br>
<h2>Evolution of the main structure</h2><br>
<p>The original c. 1797 hall and parlor structure still exists. This small dwelling probably already existed when George Tarry moved to Long Grass Plantation. It was added to during renovations and expansions in four major phases, two in the nineteenth century and two in the twentieth century, from the 1830s to the mid-1990s.</p><br>
<p>The current structure is dominated by the additions made in 1832 by the builder-architect Jacob W. Holt of Warrenton, North Carolina. In 1831–1832, Holt was commissioned to add a 2-story, single-pile, 3-bay structure to the front of the original 1797 -story house. The two sections were connected via a 1-story hyphen with large windows on its side walls. The 1832 Greek Revival home in the front is much larger in scale and mass than the original 1797 hall and parlor house. The new front has a neoclassical entrance and porch (probably salvaged from an earlier home in Warren County or along the Roanoke River), This porch features many "Jeffersonian" details, and the double front door surrounded by glass transom and sidelights which were mentioned in the book, Life on the Roaring Roanoke. This spacious new addition was an indication of the family&#39;s improving economic fortune generated from tobacco cultivation by slave labor. It was built as a wedding present in 1832, when George Tarry married Mary Euphemia Hamilton.</p><br>
<p>Around 1857, Holt was commissioned to make improvements to the original 1797 structure. By this time, Holt had adopted elements of the popular mid-Victorian Italianate style of architecture in his designs. He raised the roof of the original hall and parlor to make a full second story and designed a relatively ornate single-story Victorian Italianate porch across the rear of the house.</p><br>
<p>During the Depression years, the house was leased to a tenant farmer. The Tarry family returned to live at Long Grass in the late 1950s.</p><br>
<p>In the 1950s, the house was renovated and retrofitted with modern mechanical systems. The one-story hyphen connecting the two structures was raised to two stories. Two new bathrooms were created – one upstairs in the new hyphen space and one downstairs in the 1832 dining room just off of the hyphen hall. The Tarrys changed the dining room into a bedroom, and used the original 1797 parlor as their family dining room. They also added a kitchen adjoining and attached the original 1797 structure at that time. This kitchen was adjacent to the 1797 dining room.</p><br>
<p>The most recent renovation occurred in 1992–1994 after Bruce and Sudie Park of Raleigh, North Carolina purchased the property. Michael Denton of Clarksville, Virginia and Trent Park, son of the owners managed the renovation project, including manufacture of custom moldings at the farm workshop. The property was completely renovated. Spaces between the original hall and parlor and the Holt addition, on either side of the hyphen, were enclosed and a breakfast room and library were added on the first floor, and two new bathrooms upstairs. New closets were added in such a way as to maintain the symmetry of the existing rooms throughout the home. The 1950s bathroom was removed from the 1832 Holt dining room. New, updated mechanical systems were installed. Exterior and interior repairs were made to the entire structure. New foundations were built for the exterior porches when new floors were laid. A new terne metal roof was installed.</p><br>
<p>The 1831 entry hall walls are covered in an 18th-century Chinese hand-painted wall covering which was donated to Long Grass by the Marshall Cooper Family of Henderson, North Carolina. The Cooper Family owned Harriet Henderson Mills. The home that this wall covering came from was owned by Marshall Cooper, Sr. and upon his widow&#39;s death the home was demolished by the family. It was located on Charles Street in Henderson, North Carolina.</p><br>
<h2>Outbuildings</h2><br>
<p>Several outbuildings or dependencies have been preserved: the ice house, smokehouse, kitchen/laundry, schoolhouse, tobacco pack house, two tobacco barns, and a Fox Trott-style tenant dwelling. The tenant house is probably C. 1850–1880. It is a hand-hewn log structure, now in an advanced state of decay. The pack house is also nearing disrepair. All of the other buildings are structurally sound. An 1857 wooden carriage house/livestock barn which, after the flooding of the reservoir sat on Army Corps of Engineer land was struck by lightning in the early 1980s. It eventually was sold to the Parks by the Corps.</p><br>
<p>However, by then, it was beyond repair and was demolished. The purchase agreement between the Parks and the Army states that a new carriage house or similar building may be constructed within the foundation footprint of this destroyed building. The building may not be used as a residence, however. The Parks have maintained this foundation for future building on this site.</p><br>
<p>Items of note:</p><br>
<p>The frame ice house (c. 1832, probably built by Jacob Holt) is a two-story wood-frame building, unusually large for an ice house or dairy. The structure contains a deep ice pit underneath, with two exterior doors on the building&#39;s sides to allow access to the cold storage area at ground level. In winter months, ice was harvested from shallow ponds located in fields around the plantation. After a thick layer of ice was added to the pit, a thick layer of sawdust was added. These alternating layers filled the 14-foot hole to the level of the access doors. The volume of frozen ice/sawdust kept the ice from melting during hot Virginia summers. A series of vents just above the ground level of this building, and vents above the two access doors, aided in keeping a consistent cold temperature below the building. In time the first story was used to store corn, and the second story was used as a pigeon coop. The interior of the second story still has a lead lining to protect the building from pecking pigeons. The squab or "baby" pigeons provided the family with Sunday morning breakfasts. In the 1960s the family got rid of their pigeons.</p><br>
<p>The one-room schoolhouse (c. 1800) was renovated and expanded in the 1950s for use as a lake cottage with kitchen, bathroom and sleeping loft. This building is a square-hewn wood log cabin. The Tarry family sheathed this building in barn siding and added a tin roof when the cottage was built. It was a girls&#39; school for families in Mecklenburg County, Virginia, until the early 1900s. The teacher slept in an upstairs loft. After the school closed, the structure was used as a blacksmith shop.</p><br>
<p>The smoke house (c. 1832) was noted in 19th-century letters as being one of the largest and most secure in the region. Remnants of a large, "strong arm" lock were discovered behind it. The door on this building was two layers thick, with wood on the outside running vertically, and the interior wood running horizontally with a strong reinforcement of iron "peg" nails every inch through it. Since the 1960s this building has been used mostly to house poultry.</p><br>
<p>The kitchen and laundry outbuilding (c. 1832 (Holt) and c. 1857 (Holt)) is a one-story frame building with two doors and two louver windows on its front side. The rear side of this building originally had two louvered windows. In modern times, one of these windows was replaced with a door. In 1832, the building was only half as large as it is today, and contained a kitchen with a wooden floor and a massive stone "cooking" fireplace with a brick chimney. Viewed from the front, the kitchen door is on the right side. Later (probably during Holt&#39;s 1857 renovation), the structure was doubled in size by adding a laundry to the original kitchen building. One can still see exterior boards from the kitchen building inside of the laundry side next to the fireplace. The original stone fireplace for the kitchen was accessed as a shared fireplace for both sides. During a storm in 2016 that blew down a giant nearby oak tree, the fireplaces collapsed. The wooden mantles survive as does the brick chimney top.</p><br>
<p>The tobacco pack house has suffered serious structural damage but is relatively well-protected. This is the building where Burley tobacco was sorted, hung on tobacco sticks, cured in a damp cellar, then dried in the second floor, before being packed into wooden casks. The barrels were then rolled to the Roanoke River and shipped to market. The structure is two stories high with an open cellar area which can be accessed from interior or exterior which is fully open at the foundation. In its current configuration, it is roughly rectangular with four irregularly shaped rooms on the first story and a large loft area above. There are few window openings. A large, stone-lined humidor pit underneath a portion of the structure was used for storage of cured tobacco.</p><br>
<p>A "two-seat" outhouse was still in existence when the Plantation was purchased by the Parks, but has since been demolished. This building was very much in the style of the Holt C.1857 addition to the main house. The brackets on the eaves were a close match to the brackets on the Italianate back porch, and the building had plaster walls. Also extant at that time was a small, portable corncrib built out of small diameter tree trunks with spaces between, and a tin roof.</p><br>
<p>Many additional foundations for tobacco curing barns can be found throughout the fields. There are two tobacco curing barns standing today which are of the turn of the century log construction.</p><br>
<p>When Buggs Island Reservoir is drained periodically for maintenance by the Corps of Engineers, many more foundations are visible along the old flooded road bed which once led to Palmer Springs. These buildings yield many fragments of metal parts, and other clues as to the uses that they served on the Plantation. There was a mill, a ferry, a mill works, a tannery, a brick making area, and a blacksmith shop. In the garden there are still two millstones from Tarry&#39;s mill. There was a ferry and a landing owned by the Tarry family.</p><br>
<p>It is rumored that George Tarry bought Bugg&#39;s Island, which the Virginia side of the Reservoir is named for. The North Carolina side of the lake is named The James H. Kerr Lake Reservoir for a North Carolina congressman responsible for getting the funding to build the lake.</p><br>
<p>According to a Civil War period map, Tarry&#39;s slave quarters were not close to the big house. The house servants stayed in the house; field hands lived approximately where the small homes are located, around and across from Center Hill Farm, from the junction of Eppes Fork Rd. and Mill Creek Rd. to the North Carolina border. After the Civil War, the Tarry family gave acreage to their former slaves, much of which is still owned by their descendants. There seemed to be a continued freed man work force at Long Grass for many years.</p><br>
<h2>Other history</h2><br>
<p>The land on which Ivy Hill and later Wildwood were built resulted from land grants from the Commonwealth of Virginia to Edward Tarry, Sr. These land grants were signed by Governors Patrick Henry, John Page, and "Light Horse" Harry Lee. The original grant documents remain in the possession of the Tarry family today. Framed copies of them hang at Long Grass. Samuel Tarry built Ivy Hill Plantation House (the Tarry family seat) in the early 1730s. He had three sons, Edward, Jr., a lifelong bachelor—who never married but raped a Slave named Ellen who gave birth to one of his children, who inherited Ivy Hill (flooded by the construction of Buggs Island Reservoir, and now an archaeological park), George Tarry, who moved Long Grass with an extant small home on the land when he took over the property, and William, who inherited land that joined Ivy Hill Plantation to Long Grass Plantation, which would later be called Wildwood.</p><br>
<h2>Historic trees</h2><br>
<p>Planted in the front yard of Long Grass is the "Constitution Oak" given as a remembrance gift to George Patrick Tarry when he served as a delegate from Mecklenburg County to the constitutional convention of 1901–1902. The tree is a Burr Oak and is an unusual, slow-growing species in Virginia. Each of the delegates to this constitutional convention was given a sapling to plant in their county to commemorate the event.</p><br>
<p>In 1951 there was a fiftieth anniversary celebration of the 1901 convention. A man came to Long Grass to ask Evelyn Tarry, the widow of William Tarry, if he could collect enough burr acorns to raise saplings to give out at the ceremony. He told her that he had visited all of the counties where delegates planted the original saplings, and very few had survived. The next spring he brought Mrs. Tarry a sapling, and she proudly planted her "Baby" in the back yard, where it grows today. So, Long Grass has "Big Daddy" tree in the front, and the "Son" in the back.</p><br>
<p>The huge Osage orange tree, Maclura pomifera, or hedge apple grows in the side yard of Long Grass House. Family legend says this tree came from Tarry cousin Meriweather Lewis of the Lewis and Clark Expedition of 1804–1806.</p><br>
<p>Each time a child was born to George Patrick Tarry, a walnut tree was planted; two of the three remain. One is next to a mature boxwood hedge at the front porch, and one is covered with ivy and Virginia creeper next to the kitchen door on the back porch.</p><br>
<p>The General Artemas Ward House is a historic house at 786 Main Street in Shrewsbury, Massachusetts. Commonly known as the "Artemas Ward House", it was the lifelong home of Artemas Ward, American Major General in the American Revolutionary War and a Congressman from Massachusetts. The house is listed on the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<p>The house was built by Ward&#39;s father, Nahum, in 1727 to house tenants on his farm; Artemas Ward moved into the house in 1763. Its location is along the original Boston Post Road, and an original mile marker of that road is still visible across Main Street on the Dean Park side.</p><br>
<p>The building was enlarged by the General in 1785, raising the roof and nearly doubling its size, to accommodate the family of his son Thomas Walter Ward alongside his own household. It was enlarged again in 1820 by Thomas Walter Ward, adding a two-story ell to the rear. The main structure was occupied by Ward family members until 1909. From 1909 until 1954 descendants of the general lived in a second structure situated behind the colonial home. The property was donated by the family to Harvard University in 1925.</p><br>
<p>The home is now operated by Harvard as a museum and is open to the public for limited hours during the summer months. The property also includes a four-story barn. The barn was created by joining two separate barn structures in 1848.</p><br>
<p>The Eisenhower Birthplace State Historic Site is located at 609 S. Lamar Avenue in Denison, Grayson County, in the USA state of Texas. President Dwight D. Eisenhower was born in the house on October 14, 1890, making him the first president of the United States to be born in Texas.</p><br>
<h2>Background</h2><br>
<p>Eisenhowers military success as Supreme Allied Commander Europe during World War II prompted local Denison school principal Jennie Jackson to correspond with General Eisenhower. She inquired if he was from the Eisenhower family she remembered in Denison. His family had moved to Kansas when he was two years old, and until he received Jacksons letter, he was unaware he had been born in Denison. Eisenhowers mother Ida Elizabeth Stover was still alive at the time, and he put his mother in touch with Jackson. Upon hearing from Eisenhowers mother that this was indeed his birthplace, Jackson set about to raise funds to purchase the two-story frame house. After the purchase, the house was then donated to the city of Denison, Texas. The museum was established in 1955. After Eisenhower was elected President, the Eisenhower Foundation was formed in 1953 for restoration. The Foundation created a park by removing several other houses in the nearby vicinity, and doing landscaping improvements. In 1958, the restored home and surrounding park was donated to the State Parks Board. On January 1, 2008, the Eisenhower Birthplace was transferred from the Texas Parks and Wildlife Department to the Texas Historical Commission.</p><br>
<p>The home was designated a Recorded Texas Historic Landmark in 1962.</p><br>
<p>The Stephen Collins Foster Memorial is a performing arts center and museum which houses the Stephen Foster Archives at the University of Pittsburgh in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA. It is dedicated to the life and works of American songwriter Stephen Foster.</p><br>
<p>It is a contributing property to the Schenley Farms National Historic District, is designated as a Pittsburgh History and Landmarks Foundation Historical Landmark, It is located along Forbes Avenue in the Oakland neighborhood on the campus of the University of Pittsburgh, often referred to as Pitt.</p><br>
<p>The main structure houses the two theaters that serve as performance spaces for the universitys Department of Theatre Arts: the 478-seat Charity Randall Theatre and 151-seat Henry Heymann Theatre. The left wing of the building houses the Stephen Foster Memorial Museum and the Center for American Music which contains the University of Pittsburghs Stephen Foster Collection and archive that includes manuscripts, copies of over 200 of his musical compositions, examples of recordings, songsters, broadside, programs, books, various memorabilia, and several musical instruments, including one of Fosters pianos. The memorial is also home to the universitys Ethelbert Nevin Collection and the Society for American Music.</p><br>
<h2>Building</h2><br>
<p>The Stephen Foster Memorial, dedicated in 1937, is a steel-framed structure faced with the same Indiana Limestone used for the universitys Cathedral of Learning. It is one of two buildings, the other being Heinz Memorial Chapel, designed by its architect, Charles Klauder, to accompany his centerpiece Cathedral of Learning on the gothic revival portion of the universitys campus. The W.F. Trimble & Son&#39;s Company was contracted to help erect the building on March 2, 1935.</p><br>
<p>The stone courtyard that is adjacent to the rear of the memorial, and sits between it and the south entrance to the Cathedral of Learning, is dedicated to memorial benefactor Josiah Kirby Lilly and is named in his honor. On the grounds of the memorial, near the Foster Shrine pavilion, sits a sundial on a stone base, currently missing its gnomon, that was dedicated May 1914 to the Pittsburgh Blues of the War of 1812 by the Dolly Madison Chapter, USA Daughters of 1812. The sun dial was rededicated there on May 9, 1941.</p><br>
<p>The memorial building houses two theaters and, connected via a hallway, a memorial shrine dedicated to displaying items from the universitys Foster Hall Collection. The Stephen Foster Memorial serves as the home for the Society for American Music and the University of Pittsburghs Center for American&#39;s Music which encompasses a research library, archive and museum dedicated to expanding and documenting knowledge of American music and its role in American life.</p><br>
<h3>Fred Kelly Lobby</h3><br>
<p>The Fred Kelly Lobby, which serves as the lobby/foyer of the Charity Randall Theatre, is entered through the memorials main Forbes Avenue-facing double red doors and contains two rectangular chandeliers by master metalworker Samuel Yellin of Philadelphia. The lobby also contains Charles Connick stained glass windows depicting Shakespeare (misspelled "Shakespere") and Beethoven that are dedicated to memorial benefactor Josiah Kirby Lilly. The 2003 renovation of the memorial added new pieces of furniture to the lobby/foyer which including an octagonal upholstered banquette, a ticket and concession stand, as well as a new wrought iron ring wheel chandelier. These three additions were designed by Pittsburgh architect Michael Chirigos whose work was inspired by the memorials Gothic arches. The banquettes seats enclose arched cabinets showcasing playbills for future productions along with college and career memorabilia associated with Gene Kellys youngest brother, Fred. Both Kellys were Pitt graduates, and it was Fred who taught Gene and many others to dance. The displays cost was underwritten by Fred Kellys family as an honor to his achievements as an influential choreographer who later became a pioneering television producer and director. The lobby also commemorates outstanding Pitt Theater alumni who are recipients of Department of Theatre Art&#39;s annual Fred Kelly Award.</p><br>
<h3>Charity Randall Theatre</h3><br>
<p>The main 478-seat traditional proscenium theater, formerly known as the Foster Memorial Theatre, was renamed as the Charity Randall Theatre following a $2 million renovation in 2003. The theater was reconditioned to bring it up to code, update its equipment, and replicate the original conditions of the auditoriums features. These renovations were undertaken with donations from the Charity Randall Foundation which was established in 1977 to remember the sister of Pitt graduate and businessman Robert Randall and to support her interest in the arts after her death in a car accident. The plush, deep red seats, identical to those first installed New Yorks Radio City Music Hall, were reupholstered and their wrought iron frames and oak arms refinished to their original 1930s condition. The number of seats were reduced from 572 to 478, including the addition of 24 new freestanding balcony seats. Other auditorium improvements include new carpeting and new lighting that highlights the vaulted stone ceiling, as well as a restoration of the original Samuel Yellin designed chandelier. In addition, state-of-the-art sound, lighting, and production equipment was added, as well as a new rigging system, actors&#39; restroom, and various stage improvements.</p><br>
<h3>Henry Heymann Theatre</h3><br>
<p>The downstairs of the memorial houses the 153-seat Henry Heymann Theatre, featuring a thrust stage with seating on three sides. The theater honors the universitys longtime scenic designer, and theater donor, Henry Heymann, who taught scenic design from 1968 until he retired in 1993. The Heymann Theatre was created in 2000 in a space that formerly served as the memorials social room, which hosted USO dances during World War II. A little-known tunnel also extends from the Heymann Theatre to under the loading dock level of the Cathedral of Learning, connecting the two buildings. During the 2003 renovations to the memorial, the downstairs dressing room area was reconfigured to accommodate three "star" dressing rooms and mens and womens showers. Another basement room serves as headquarters for the still-active Tuesday Musical Club, which initiated the original idea and drive for the construction of the Stephen Foster Memorial.</p><br>
<h3>Foster Shrine</h3><br>
<p>The left wing, composed of the pavilion of the Foster Shrine, is entered from the left of the buildings foyer, which serves as the lobby of the Charity Randall Theatre, and through an entrance corridor that features Foster artifacts, a Foster bust, and five small casement windows featuring Connick stained glass windows devoted to symbols of Stephen Foster and his songs. Moving along the corridor to the shrine, on the right is the entrance to the Foster Reading Room and library, which is home to much of the Foster collection, including its more fragile contents, that can be examined by appointment. Continuing on, the corridor opens into a 12-sided gothic chamber with lancet windows containing Connick stained glass medallions which illustrate various Foster songs. On display in the Shrine in and around Gothic-arched alcoves are Fosters piano, sheet music, broadsides, recordings, and other personal items and memorabilia. The 2003 renovation left the memorial shrine untouched, except for the addition of an unobtrusive fire suppression systems.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The memorial itself was conceived in 1927 when the Tuesday Musical Club, founded in 1889 by affluent female musicians, and University of Pittsburgh Chancellor John Bowman agreed to collaborate on a performance hall dedicated to Stephen Foster that would house the clubs recitals. Bowman donated land adjacent to where the foundation for the Cathedral of Learning was being laid for the memorial. However, little progress on the memorial was made until 1932 when Bowman learned of Josiah Kirby Lillys Foster Hall Collection. After Lilly pledged more than 10,000 Foster items, fund-raising began in earnest, with almost half the $550,000 cost coming from Lilly and his son, Eli. Construction began January 13, 1935, the 71st anniversary of Fosters death. A dedication ceremony took place on June 2, 1937, Pitts 150th anniversary.</p><br>
<p>The Foster Hall Collection itself was established in 1930 by Josiah Kirby Lilly, noted for being the president of the prominent Indianapolis pharmaceutical manufacturer Eli Lilly and Company. The collection originally began as a retirement hobby based upon his lifelong love of Stephen Foster s music, but it eventually grew into one of the major collections of American music and history. Lilly and his staff, with the help of some of Fosters relatives, as well as through contributions prompted by the publication of the Foster Hall Bulletin, accumulated over 10,000 Foster items. This initial collection was housed in Indianapolis in a small limestone building he called "Foster Hall." Before his effort began, there had been no exact knowledge concerning the total number of Fosters works, nor any accurate literature published about the composer. Foster Halls staff identified 201 original works, and Foster Hall became a resource center for John Tasker Howards biography Stephen Foster: Americas Troubadour (1934). Concerned about the future of his collection, Lilly donated the Foster Halls holdings to the University of Pittsburghs new Stephen Foster Memorial and the collection was moved to its new home in 1937. Since then, some additional 20,000 items reflecting Foster, composers influenced by him, and music in American life have been added.</p><br>
<p>The university&#39;s Center for American Music also houses the Ethelbert Nevin Collection, which was previously housed in the Theodore M. Finney Music Library until 1999. The Nevin Collection was acquired by the University of Pittsburgh between 1933 and 1956. The materials in the collection were either purchased or donated by Mrs. Ethelbert Nevin, other family members, and friends. The collection consists of original manuscripts, letters, mementos, furnishings, printed matter, and special gifts.</p><br>
<p>Aside from maintaining the collections and museum, The Center for American Music&#39;s projects include Voices Across Time, a curriculum support package that allows teachers to integrate historic American Music into their classrooms. The center also has undertaken Resources of American History II that will provide global online access to music scores, papers, sound recordings, and other American music-related materials in its archives.</p><br>
